{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:28:42Z","timestamp":1790227722792,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFE0107600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0107600"]}]},{"name":"Modern Agricultural Industrial System of Shandong Province","award":["SDAIT-11-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDAIT-11-09"]}]},{"name":"Jinan City \u201cnew university 20\u201d","award":["202228001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202228001"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Scientific and Technological Innovatio roject of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["CXGC2025B17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXGC2025B17"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Scientific and Technological Innovatio roject of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["CXGC2025B18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXGC2025B18"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Scientific and Technological Innovatio roject of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["CXGC2025G06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXGC2025G06"]}]},{"name":"Youth growth fund of Institute of Ainmal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["QNCZ202402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNCZ202402"]}]},{"name":"Visiting and Research Program of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella is a major zoonotic pathogen and phage cocktails offer a novel strategy against its infections. This study aimed to characterize Salmonella phages and assess the efficacy of various phage combinations, both in vitro and in vivo. Three phages (PJN012, PJN042, PJN065) were isolated, showing stability across a broad range of temperatures and pH values, and lacking genes associated with lysogenicity, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. Combined with two known phages (PJN025, vB_SalS_JNS02), they formed cocktails tested for lytic activity against S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. Phage cocktails (comprising 2\u20135 phages) that demonstrated efficacy in vitro were validated using Galleria mellonella models. For S. Enteritidis strain 015, prophylactic cocktail C18 increased larval survival to 90% at 48 h (vs. 3% control). For S. Typhimurium strain 024, phage cocktail 26 showed the best therapeutic effect when co-injected with the bacterium, with a survival rate of up to 85% at 96 h, compared to 30% in the positive control group. Biofilm assays showed cocktails inhibited formation more effectively (e.g., at 24 h, C14 and C17 reduced biofilm formation by 93.74% and 94.21%, respectively) than removed established ones. The cocktails depended on bacterial type, phage genera, combinations, and incubation time. Robust in vitro screening remains crucial for optimizing phage formulations despite potential in vivo discrepancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17101363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T08:10:31Z","timestamp":1760343031000},"page":"1363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Design of Lytic Phage Cocktails Targeting Salmonella: Synergistic Effects Based on In Vitro Lysis, In Vivo Protection, and Biofilm Intervention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mengrui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"China-UK Joint Laboratory of Phage Engineering, Sino-Danish Joint Laboratory of Microbial Informatics, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qishan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghe County Center for Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Development, Jinan 251600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-UK Joint Laboratory of Phage Engineering, Sino-Danish Joint Laboratory of Microbial Informatics, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"Becky Mayer Centre for Phage Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha R. J.","family":"Clokie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-UK Joint Laboratory of Phage Engineering, Sino-Danish Joint Laboratory of Microbial Informatics, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"Becky Mayer Centre for Phage Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sicheritz-Pont\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-UK Joint Laboratory of Phage Engineering, Sino-Danish Joint Laboratory of Microbial Informatics, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2472-8317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bent","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-UK Joint Laboratory of Phage Engineering, Sino-Danish Joint Laboratory of Microbial Informatics, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"China-UK Joint Laboratory of Phage Engineering, Sino-Danish Joint Laboratory of Microbial Informatics, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"China-UK Joint Laboratory of Phage Engineering, Sino-Danish Joint Laboratory of Microbial Informatics, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanbo","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"China-UK Joint Laboratory of Phage Engineering, Sino-Danish Joint Laboratory of Microbial Informatics, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingbin","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghe County Center for Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Development, Jinan 251600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"China-UK Joint Laboratory of Phage Engineering, Sino-Danish Joint Laboratory of Microbial Informatics, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"China-UK Joint Laboratory of Phage Engineering, Sino-Danish Joint Laboratory of Microbial Informatics, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13170","article-title":"Livestock-Associated Spatial Risk Factors for Human Salmonellosis and Campylobacteriosis","volume":"71","author":"Mulder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teklemariam, A.D., Al-Hindi, R.R., Albiheyri, R.S., Alharbi, M.G., Alghamdi, M.A., Filimban, A.A.R., Al Mutiri, A.S., Al-Alyani, A.M., Alseghayer, M.S., and Almaneea, A.M. 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