{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T16:13:44Z","timestamp":1785600824178,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP17H04661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17H04661"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["24K01930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K01930"]}]},{"name":"the Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University","award":["2021-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-11"]}]},{"name":"the Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University","award":["2023-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-19"]}]},{"name":"the Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University","award":["2024-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-06"]}]},{"name":"the Joint Usage\/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University","award":["2022-Kyoten-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-Kyoten-03"]}]},{"name":"the Joint Usage\/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University","award":["2023-Kyoten-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-Kyoten-02"]}]},{"name":"the Joint Usage\/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University","award":["2024-Kyoten-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-Kyoten-05"]}]},{"name":"the Joint Usage\/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University","award":["2025-Kyoten-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-Kyoten-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne infectious disease that poses a significant public health threat. SFTS virus (SFTSV) has a broad host range, including humans, cats, and natural reservoir species. Therefore, cultured cell lines derived from different mammalian species are useful for understanding the susceptibility of SFTSV in hosts. In this study, we evaluated pathogenicity and infectivity, focusing on cytopathic effect (CPE) induction and growth kinetics of SFTSV in several mammalian cell lines, including our original tiger-derived TLT, wild deer\u2013derived DFKT and DFLT, and hedgehog-derived HHoVT. Following SFTSV infection, TLT, CRFK (cat), FCWF-4 (cat), and CPK (porcine) cells exhibited CPE, whereas Vero E6 (monkey), A549 (human), BHK-21 (hamster), DFKT, DFLT, and HHoVT cells did not. Infectious viral yields in the supernatants of TLT, CRFK, FCWF-4, Vero E6, and BHK-21 were higher than those of CPK, A549, DFLT, and DFKT. SFTSV infection in hedgehog-derived HHoVT cells was very limited. These observations suggest that features such as viral CPE and virus yield following SFTSV infection depend on cell type. It is noteworthy that TLT formed clear plaques that were easy to count, indicating that TLT cells are useful for the titration of infectious SFTSV by plaque-forming assay. Our results provide useful information and tools for further elucidating the mechanisms of SFTSV infectivity, proliferation, and pathogenicity using in vitro models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17101380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:29:38Z","timestamp":1760599778000},"page":"1380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Different Susceptibility of Mammalian Cell Lines to Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0945-1743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marla","family":"Anggita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Nyampong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0080-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Shimoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Hayasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ICTV (2025, August 14). ICTV Taxonomy History: SFTS Virus. Available online: https:\/\/ictv.global\/report\/chapter\/phenuiviridae\/phenuiviridae\/bandavirus."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit603","article-title":"The first identification and retrospective study of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Japan","volume":"209","author":"Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010095","article-title":"Fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in China","volume":"364","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70718-2","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, an emerging tick-borne zoonosis","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1911.130792","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, South Korea, 2012","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.31524\/bkkmedj.2020.22.001","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus: The first case report in Thailand, Bangkok","volume":"16","author":"Ongkittikul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bangk. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2505.181463","article-title":"Endemic severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Vietnam","volume":"25","author":"Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.200135","article-title":"Genotypic Heterogeneity of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Scrub Typhus Patients and Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Co-infection, Myanmar","volume":"26","author":"Win","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.190611","article-title":"Serologic Evidence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Related Viruses in Pakistan","volume":"26","author":"Zohaib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e320","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30145-5","article-title":"Distribution of Haemaphysalis longicornis and associated pathogens: Analysis of pooled data from a China field survey and global published data","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.131857","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in ticks collected from humans, South Korea, 2013","volume":"20","author":"Yun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, X., Hu, J., Peng, Z., Dai, Q., Liu, W., Liang, S., Li, Z., Zhang, N., and Bao, C. (2021). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus human-to-human transmission. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009037"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir776","article-title":"Person-to-Person Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Bunyavirus Through Blood Contact","volume":"54","author":"Gai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, J.W., Kim, D., Yun, N., and Kim, D.M. (2021). Clinical Update of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071213"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.15441\/ceem.15.011","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome presenting as acute hepatic failure","volume":"2","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2812.220668","article-title":"Hedgehogs as Amplifying Hosts of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus, China","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2012.141013","article-title":"Prevalence of SFTSV among Asian house shrews and rodents, China, January-August 2013","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.11.017","article-title":"Animals as amplification hosts in the spread of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.08.005","article-title":"Molecular detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in feral cats from Seoul, Korea","volume":"8","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2018.526","article-title":"A Case of Cat-to-Human Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus","volume":"72","author":"Kida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.05.001","article-title":"Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in domestic goats in South Korea","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2018.06.007","article-title":"Seroprevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus antibodies in humans and animals in Ehime prefecture Japan, an endemic region of SFTS","volume":"24","author":"Kimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2015.624","article-title":"Investigation of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Antibody among Domestic Bovines Transported to Slaughterhouse in Shimane Prefecture, Japan","volume":"69","author":"Tabara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuu, A., Momoi, Y., Nishiguchi, A., Noguchi, K., Yabuki, M., Hamakubo, E., Take, M., and Maeda, K. (2019). Natural severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection in domestic cats in Japan. Vet. Microbiol., 236.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.06.019"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ando, T., Nabeshima, T., Inoue, S., Tun, M.M.N., Obata, M., Hu, W., Shimoda, H., Kurihara, S., Izumikawa, K., and Morita, K. (2021). Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Cats and Its Prevalence among Veterinarian Staff Members in Nagasaki, Japan. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061142"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0519","article-title":"Diagnosis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in a cat with clinical findings resembling lymphoma","volume":"84","author":"Irie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0423","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection in Jiangsu Province, China, 2011","volume":"90","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyauchi, A., Sada, K.-E., Yamamoto, H., Iriyoshi, H., Touyama, Y., Hashimoto, D., Nojima, S., Yamanaka, S., Ishijima, K., and Maeda, K. (2022). Suspected Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus from a Cat to a Veterinarian by a Single Contact: A Case Report. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020223"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.191513","article-title":"Direct Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus from Domestic Cat to Veterinary Personnel","volume":"26","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.azn.2025.04.003","article-title":"The cellular host factors for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection","volume":"1","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Zoonoes"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4384","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02628-12","article-title":"Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Virus Glycoproteins Are Targeted by Neutralizing Antibodies and Can Use DC-SIGN as a Receptor for pH-Dependent Entry into Human and Animal Cell Lines","volume":"87","author":"Hofmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5292","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00110-16","article-title":"Characterization of Glycoprotein-Mediated Entry of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus","volume":"90","author":"Tani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Jin, C., Zhu, L., Liang, M., Lu, C., Cardona, C.J., Li, D., and Xing, Z. (2015). Host Responses and Regulation by NF\u03baB Signaling in the Liver and Liver Epithelial Cells Infected with A Novel Tick-borne Bunyavirus. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11816"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keita, M., Yasuko, O., Kimberly, M.-W., Dana, S., Friederike, F., Mifang, L., and Hideki, E. (2017). Animal Models of Emerging Tick-Borne Phleboviruses: Determining Target Cells in a Lethal Model of SFTSV Infection. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00104"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2015-01","article-title":"Epidemiological Survey of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Ticks in Nagasaki, Japan","volume":"43","author":"Hayasaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2017.01.005","article-title":"A neutralization assay with a severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus strain that makes plaques in inoculated cells","volume":"244","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00742-14","article-title":"Sensitive and specific PCR systems for detection of both Chinese and Japanese severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus strains and prediction of patient survival based on viral load","volume":"52","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-016-0009-6","article-title":"Seroepidemiological evidence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infections in wild boars in Nagasaki, Japan","volume":"44","author":"Hayasaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60689-2","article-title":"The plaque assay of animal viruses","volume":"8","author":"Cooper","year":"1961","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2022.101473","article-title":"Titration and neutralizing antibody quantification by focus forming assay for Powassan virus","volume":"3","author":"Stone","year":"2022","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.09.034","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV)-host interactome screen identifies viral nucleoprotein-associated host factors as potential antiviral targets","volume":"19","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dighe, H., Sarkale, P., Patil, D.Y., Mohandas, S., Shete, A.M., Sahay, R.R., Lakra, R., Patil, S., Majumdar, T., and Gawande, P. (2022). Differential Cell Line Susceptibility to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1.1 Variant of Concern. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111962"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Shimoda, H., Nishizato, M., Nochide, K., and Hayasaka, D. (2025). Establishment of Cell Lines from Wild Animals, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University. manuscript in preparation."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2024.110294","article-title":"Two amino acid pairs in the Gc glycoprotein of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus responsible for the enhanced virulence","volume":"601","author":"Wulandari","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2022.102386","article-title":"Development of Monoclonal Antibody Based IgG and IgM ELISA for Diagnosis of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Nyampong, S., Shimoda, H., and Hayasaka, D. (2025). Stability and UV Irradiation Effects on Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University. manuscript in preparation."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.044412-0","article-title":"DNA viruses and the cellular DNA-damage response","volume":"93","author":"Turnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.3390\/v7052450","article-title":"The Role of the DNA Damage Response throughout the Papillomavirus Life Cycle","volume":"7","author":"McKinney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.3c00196","article-title":"Mitophagy Activation Targeting PINK1 Is an Effective Treatment to Inhibit Zika Virus Replication","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-00928-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein causes the mitochondrial apoptosis and pulmonary edema via targeting BOK","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2409.171667","article-title":"Fatal Tickborne Phlebovirus Infection in Captive Cheetahs, Japan","volume":"24","author":"Matsuno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, E.S., Shimojima, M., Nagata, N., Ami, Y., Yoshikawa, T., Iwata-Yoshikawa, N., Fukushi, S., Watanabe, S., Kurosu, T., and Kataoka, M. (2019). Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Phlebovirus causes lethal viral hemorrhagic fever in cats. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48317-8"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshikawa, R., Sakabe, S., Urata, S., and Yasuda, J. (2019). Species-Specific Pathogenicity of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Is Determined by Anti-STAT2 Activity of NSs. J. Virol., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02226-18"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","article-title":"Regulation of type I interferon responses","volume":"14","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01118-z","article-title":"Human Disease Phenotypes Associated with Loss and Gain of Function Mutations in STAT2: Viral Susceptibility and Type I Interferonopathy","volume":"41","author":"Duncan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshikawa, R., Kawakami, M., and Yasuda, J. (2023). The NSs protein of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus differentially inhibits the type 1 interferon response among animal species. J. Biol. Chem., 299.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.104819"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1130","article-title":"Distribution of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Antiviral Antibodies in Wild and Domestic Animals in Oita Prefecture, Japan","volume":"106","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.101331","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) in the Republic of Korea","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"23","article-title":"Fr\u00fchsommer-Meningoenzephalitis-Virus Nachweis beim Europ\u00e4ischen Igel (Erinaceus europaeus)","volume":"161","author":"Hatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domanska-Blicharz, K., Lisowska, A., Opolska, J., Ruszkowski, J.J., Gogulski, M., and Pomorska-M\u00f3l, M. (2024). Whole genome characteristics of hedgehog coronaviruses from Poland and analysis of the evolution of the Spike protein for its interspecies transmission potential. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04277-4"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819000207","article-title":"Extension of the known distribution of a novel clade C betacoronavirus in a wildlife host","volume":"147","author":"Saldanha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Liu, M.M., Lei, X.Y., and Yu, X.J. (2018). SFTS phlebovirus promotes LC3-II accumulation and nonstructural protein of SFTS phlebovirus co-localizes with autophagy proteins. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23610-0"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"39","article-title":"Cultivation and Assay of Viruses","volume":"1987","author":"Fenner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/10\/1380\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:37:23Z","timestamp":1760600243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/10\/1380"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["v17101380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17101380","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]}}}