{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:17:40Z","timestamp":1790619460396,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA1-22-1-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-22-1-0009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a negative-sense arbovirus that causes several severe diseases, including hemorrhagic fever in ruminants and humans. There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics for RVFV. The viral nonstructural protein NSs acts like a molecular Harry Houdini, the world-famous escape artist, to help the virus evade the host\u2019s innate immune response and serves as the main virulence factor of RVFV. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which NSs interacts with multiple factors to modulate host processes, evade the host immune response, and facilitate viral replication. The impact of NSs mutations that cause viral attenuation is also discussed. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which NSs evades the host innate immune response is crucial for developing novel therapeutics and vaccines targeting RVFV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17101398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T13:42:03Z","timestamp":1761054123000},"page":"1398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immune Evasion by the NSs Protein of Rift Valley Fever Virus: A Viral Houdini Act"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kaylee","family":"Petraccione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"},{"name":"Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3543-1914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James G.","family":"Omichinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8036-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kylene","family":"Kehn-Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"},{"name":"Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndishimye, P., Umuhoza, T., Umutoni, B., Zakham, F., Ndayambaje, M., Hewins, B., Ngabo Gasana, M., Ostadgavahi, A.T., Sganzerla, G., and Ndayisenga, F. 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