{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T01:00:54Z","timestamp":1761267654496,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Chinese hamster ovary K1 cell line (CHO-K1) constitutively produces retroviral-like particles (RVLPs) containing reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, which, thus far, have not been shown to be infectious. Since infectious retroviruses have been reported in other rodent species, this study was undertaken to investigate the presence of latent, infectious, endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in CHO-K1 cells by using chemical induction assays and detection of activated virus using the highly sensitive, product-enhanced RT (PERT) assay, with subsequent infectivity analysis in cell lines of different species, including human. The results demonstrated activation of A-type and C-type retroviral particles based on transmission electron microscopy and increased production of cell-free RT-particles after treatment of the cells with 5-iodo-2\u2032-deoxyuridine and 5-azacytidine, which was greater with dual treatment than with each inducer alone. Induction of A- and C-type particles was confirmed in dual-drug-treated CHO-K1 cells by long-read high-throughput sequence (HTS) analysis. Infectivity studies performed by inoculating human A549, HEK-293, and MRC-5 cells; African green monkey Vero cells; Mus dunni cells; and CHO-K1 cells with supernatant containing RT-particles from dual-treated CHO-K1 cells indicated the absence of a replicating retrovirus in supernatant from extended cell culture using the PERT assay. Furthermore, short-read HTS analysis did not show evidence of integration of retroviral sequences in inoculated A549 and 293 cells. The overall results showed no evidence for latent, infectious, endogenous RVLPs in CHO-K1 cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:47:36Z","timestamp":1761266856000},"page":"1408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Chemically-Induced Endogenous Retroviral Particles in the CHO-K1 Cell Line"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nicholas B.","family":"Mattson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Retroviruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trent J.","family":"Bosma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Retroviruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yamei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Retroviruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Retroviruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ju","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Retroviruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arifa S.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Retroviruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.108.6.945","article-title":"Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. 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