{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:47:14Z","timestamp":1785250034023,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurocognitive symptoms have emerged as notable sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19). Although primarily a respiratory virus, SARS-CoV-2 has been associated with central nervous system (CNS) changes observed in both clinical and experimental settings. To better understand these effects and their pathological mechanisms, we conducted a systematic literature search of published studies and employed a qualitative, analytical approach to identify and synthesize key findings from peer-reviewed studies, including large-scale retrospective clinical cohorts, human autopsy reports, animal models (murine, non-human primate), and in vitro brain organoid systems. While viral components were detected in post mortem central nervous system tissues, COVID-19 neuropathology appears to stem primarily from immune-mediated inflammation and vascular injury rather than direct CNS infection. Persistent glial activation and BBB disruption may underlie the long-term neurological symptoms reported in long COVID-19. Although animal models offer mechanistic insight, species-specific differences necessitate cautious extrapolation to human pathology. Further investigation into the chronic effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the brain is essential to guide long-term clinical management and therapeutic development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T13:59:36Z","timestamp":1761659976000},"page":"1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neurological Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Miftahof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6886-3811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blake","family":"Bernauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7604-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen Sabrina","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01588-y","article-title":"Specific Cytokines in the Inflammatory Cytokine Storm of Patients with COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Extrapulmonary Multiple-Organ Dysfunction","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. 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