{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:03:05Z","timestamp":1761894185734,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Medical-Biological Agency","award":["388-00099-23-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["388-00099-23-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis, with genogroup II (NoV-GII) being predominant. This study presents a novel genotyping system for norovirus GII, combining long-range PCR to amplify the complete ~3.2 kb RdRp\u2013VP1 region with Nanopore sequencing and a dedicated bioinformatics pipeline. This approach provides comprehensive, high-resolution genomic data, representing a significant advancement over conventional methods. Encompassing the recombination site and the full lengths of both genotyping regions in a single amplicon enables sensitive detection of mixed infections and recombinant variants, even at concentrations as low as 1% for minor genotypes. We validated the system through retrospective analysis of 115 pediatric acute gastroenteritis cases in Moscow, Russia (2021\u20132025) with a high viral load of NoV-GII, selected from 3061 screened stool samples. The analysis revealed the predominant circulation of GII.4[P16] norovirus strains, while GII.17[P17] emerged as the second most prevalent genotype after 2021. In contrast, previously common genotypes GII.4[P31] and GII.3[P12] sharply declined. Mixed infections were found in 4% of cases. With the data obtained, we are doubling the number of long (&gt;3000 bp) NoV-GII genomic sequences from Russia available in public databases and providing unique surveillance data for the Moscow region covering the last five years. The results establish the system as a robust framework for high-resolution surveillance, supporting timely detection of emerging strains and informed public health response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T17:38:22Z","timestamp":1761759502000},"page":"1440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Novel Nanopore-Based Genotyping System for Norovirus GII: Validation and Application to Pediatric Gastroenteritis Cases in Moscow, Russia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0979-3409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan F.","family":"Stetsenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u00abCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks\u00bb of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7030-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilina K.","family":"Lapshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u00abCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks\u00bb of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0917-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina A.","family":"Nikolaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u00abCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks\u00bb of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2587-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris S.","family":"Gukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u00abCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks\u00bb of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9456-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandr V.","family":"Chernitsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u00abCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks\u00bb of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8324-5326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey R.","family":"Luparev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u00abCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks\u00bb of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2926-0490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina E.","family":"Davydova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u00abCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks\u00bb of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3948-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Gordukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G. Speransky Children\u2019s Hospital No. 9, 123317 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena V.","family":"Galeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G. Speransky Children\u2019s Hospital No. 9, 123317 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6301-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina D.","family":"Matsvay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u00abCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks\u00bb of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3668-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"German A.","family":"Shipulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u00abCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks\u00bb of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70767-4","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Norovirus in Cases of Gastroenteritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25645","article-title":"Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Rotavirus, Adenovirus, and Astrovirus Infections and Coinfections in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis Prior to Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Meerut, North India","volume":"92","author":"Akdag","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz584","article-title":"Sources of Airborne Norovirus in Hospital Outbreaks","volume":"70","author":"Alsved","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-018-0120-9","article-title":"The Role of Dependency in a Norovirus Outbreak in a Nursing Home","volume":"9","author":"Nicolay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1101.040434","article-title":"Norovirus Transmission on Cruise Ship","volume":"11","author":"Isakbaeva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2024, August 29). CDC Norovirus, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/norovirus\/data-research\/index.html#:~:text=Norovirus%20worldwide,children%20under%205%20years%20old."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001332","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Caliciviridae","volume":"100","author":"Estes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001318","article-title":"Updated Classification of Norovirus Genogroups and Genotypes","volume":"100","author":"Chhabra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00884-2","article-title":"A Narrative Review of Norovirus Epidemiology, Biology, and Challenges to Vaccine Development","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"82","article-title":"Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Noroviruses Circulating in TemporaryAccommodation Centers for Refugees in the Rostov Region in 2022 Using the NoroNetRus Online Software","volume":"1","author":"Pisanov","year":"2022","journal-title":"PHLE"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.204756","article-title":"Global Trends in Norovirus Genotype Distribution among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis","volume":"27","author":"Cannon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winder, N., Gohar, S., and Muthana, M. (2022). Norovirus: An Overview of Virology and Preventative Measures. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122811"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2021). On the State of Sanitary and Epidemiological Wellbeing of the Population in the Russian Federation in 2020: State Report."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2022). On the State of Sanitary and Epidemiological Wellbeing of the Population in the Russian Federation in 2021: State Report."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023). On the State of Sanitary and Epidemiological Wellbeing of the Population in the Russian Federation in 2022: State Report."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2024). On the State of Sanitary and Epidemiological Wellbeing of the Population in the Russian Federation in 2023: State Report."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2025). On the State of Sanitary and Epidemiological Wellbeing of the Population in the Russian Federation in 2024: State Report."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2012). MU 3.1.1.2969-11 Epidemiological Surveillance, Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention of Norovirus Infection: Methodological Guidelines."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1568","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of the Complete Genome of 18 Norwalk-like Viruses","volume":"299","author":"Katayama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parra, G.I., Squires, R.B., Karangwa, C.K., Johnson, J.A., Lepore, C.J., Sosnovtsev, S.V., and Green, K.Y. (2017). Static and Evolving Norovirus Genotypes: Implications for Epidemiology and Immunity. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006136"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-024-09611-5","article-title":"Long Amplicon Nanopore Sequencing for Dual-Typing RdRp and VP1 Genes of Norovirus Genogroups I and II in Wastewater","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1708-5","article-title":"Proposal for a Unified Norovirus Nomenclature and Genotyping","volume":"158","author":"Kroneman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01052-16","article-title":"Norovirus Whole-Genome Sequencing by SureSelect Target Enrichment: A Robust and Sensitive Method","volume":"54","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D33","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1044","article-title":"Database Resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information","volume":"52","author":"Sayers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436","article-title":"MAFFT: A Novel Method for Rapid Multiple Sequence Alignment Based on Fast Fourier Transform","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks596","article-title":"Primer3\u2014New Capabilities and Interfaces","volume":"40","author":"Untergasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camacho, C., Coulouris, G., Avagyan, V., Ma, N., Papadopoulos, J., Bealer, K., and Madden, T.L. (2009). BLAST+: Architecture and Applications. BMC Bioinform., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-421"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Gukov, B., Chernistov, A., Nikolaeva, P., and Matsvay, A. (2025, September 30). NorotyperII. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/laboratory-of-molecular-epidemiology\/norotyperii."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3820","article-title":"Nextflow Enables Reproducible Computational Workflows","volume":"35","author":"Chatzou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Wick, R., and Volkening, J. (2025, September 30). Porechop. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/rrwick\/porechop\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: A Flexible Trimmer for Illumina Sequence Data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8603","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8603","article-title":"Amplicon_sorter: A Tool for Reference-free Amplicon Sorting Based on Sequence Similarity and for Building Consensus Sequences","volume":"12","author":"Vierstraete","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W20","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh435","article-title":"BLAST: At the Core of a Powerful and Diverse Set of Sequence Analysis Tools","volume":"32","author":"McGinnis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edgar, R.C. (2004). MUSCLE: A Multiple Sequence Alignment Method with Reduced Time and Space Complexity. BMC Bioinform., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-5-113"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steenwyk, J.L., Buida, T.J., Li, Y., Shen, X.-X., and Rokas, A. (2020). ClipKIT: A Multiple Sequence Alignment Trimming Software for Accurate Phylogenomic Inference. PLoS Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.08.140384"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz305","article-title":"RAxML-NG: A Fast, Scalable and User-Friendly Tool for Maximum Likelihood Phylogenetic Inference","volume":"35","author":"Kozlov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W78","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268","article-title":"Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) v6: Recent Updates to the Phylogenetic Tree Display and Annotation Tool","volume":"52","author":"Letunic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz963","article-title":"DeepSimulator1.5: A More Powerful, Quicker and Lighter Simulator for Nanopore Sequencing","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00430-8","article-title":"Evolution of the GII.3[P12] Norovirus from 2010 to 2019 in Jiangsu, China","volume":"13","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2354","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2354","article-title":"Global and Regional Circulation Trends of Norovirus Genotypes and Recombinants, 1995\u20132019: A Comprehensive Review of Sequences from Public Databases","volume":"32","author":"Kendra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2025, June 10). Methodological Recommendations MR 4.4\/3.1.1.0230-21 \u201cGenotyping in Epidemiological Surveillance of Norovirus Infection\u201d (Approved by the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing on January 19, 2021) | GARANT. Available online: https:\/\/base.garant.ru\/405678783\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1107.041273","article-title":"Norovirus Recombination in ORF1\/ORF2 Overlap","volume":"11","author":"Bull","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8085","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02125-09","article-title":"Divergent Evolution of Norovirus GII\/4 by Genome Recombination from May 2006 to February 2009 in Japan","volume":"84","author":"Motomura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03056-12","article-title":"The Importance of Intergenic Recombination in Norovirus GII.3 Evolution","volume":"87","author":"Mahar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khamrin, P., Kumthip, K., Yodmeeklin, A., Jampanil, N., Phengma, P., Yamsakul, P., Okitsu, S., Kobayashi, T., Ushijima, H., and Maneekarn, N. (2022). Changing Predominance of Norovirus Recombinant Strains GII.2[P16] to GII.4[P16] and GII.4[P31] in Thailand, 2017 to 2018. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00448-22"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2909.230383","article-title":"Emergence of GII.4 Sydney[P16]-like Norovirus-Associated Gastroenteritis, China, 2020\u20132022","volume":"29","author":"Ao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30059-8","article-title":"Molecular Surveillance of Norovirus, 2005\u20132016: An Epidemiological Analysis of Data Collected from the NoroNet Network","volume":"18","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.08.005","article-title":"Changing Predominance of Norovirus Strains in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Shanghai, 2018\u20132021","volume":"38","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"21178","article-title":"Emergence of a Novel GII.17 Norovirus\u2014End of the GII.4 Era?","volume":"20","author":"Vennema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirai, T., Phadungsombat, J., Ushikai, Y., Yoshikaie, K., Shioda, T., and Sakon, N. (2024). Epidemiological Features of Human Norovirus Genotypes before and after COVID-19 Countermeasures in Osaka, Japan. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040654"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T.-T., Xu, Q., Liu, M.-C., Wang, T., Che, T.-L., Teng, A.-Y., Lv, C.-L., Wang, G.-L., Hong, F., and Liu, W. (2023). Prevalence and Etiological Characteristics of Norovirus Infection in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061336"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400625","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.39.2400625","article-title":"Increased Circulation of GII.17 Noroviruses, Six European Countries and the United States, 2023 to 2024","volume":"29","author":"Chhabra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1086\/605127","article-title":"Norovirus Illness Is a Global Problem: Emergence and Spread of Norovirus GII.4 Variants, 2001\u20132007","volume":"200","author":"Siebenga","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-022-01919-3","article-title":"An Increase in Prevalence of Recombinant GII.3[P12] Norovirus in Sporadic Acute Diarrhea in Children in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 2018\u20132021","volume":"58","author":"Epifanova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Genes"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/11\/1440\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T05:22:25Z","timestamp":1761888145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/11\/1440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v17111440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17111440","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]}}}