{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T12:27:12Z","timestamp":1772886432382,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["19K08843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K08843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24K11522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K11522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008768","name":"University of the Ryukyus Research Project Promotion Grant for Women Researchers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23SP05101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23SP05101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008768","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ryukyu Medical Association Award"},{"name":"Center for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Azabu University","award":["2-218-2378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-218-2378"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is a hallmark of regulatory T (Treg) cells, the expansion of FOXP3+ adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATL) cells is believed to contribute to immune suppression and the pathogenesis of ATL. However, the mechanisms underlying the expansion of FOXP3+ ATL cells remain unclear. OX40, a co-stimulatory molecule, is expressed in ATL cells, and OX40 signaling has been shown to promote the differentiation and proliferation of Treg cells in mouse models. To investigate the mechanisms driving the expansion of FOXP3+ ATL cells, we examined the expression of OX40 and its ligand, OX40L. Our findings revealed that OX40 expression was elevated in patients with ATL and with a high frequency of FOXP3+ ATL cells. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with acute ATL cultured for 18 h demonstrated that FOXP3\u2212 and FOXP3+ cells predominantly expressed OX40L and OX40, respectively. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated FOXP3 knockdown in HTLV-1-infected cell lines increased OX40L expression. These results suggest that interactions between FOXP3\u2212 OX40L+ cells and FOXP3+ OX40+ cells may promote the proliferation of FOXP3+ ATL cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T01:23:59Z","timestamp":1761873839000},"page":"1445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association Between FOXP3 and OX40 Expression in Adult T-Cell Leukemia Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mariko","family":"Mizuguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Investigative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Ginowan 901-2720, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Investigative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Ginowan 901-2720, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hematoimmunology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Ginowan 901-2720, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Imaizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Ginowan 901-2720, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Investigative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Ginowan 901-2720, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1534-3164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuko","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9422-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hematoimmunology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Ginowan 901-2720, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuetsu","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hematoimmunology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Ginowan 901-2720, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415","article-title":"Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"77","author":"Poiesz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. 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