{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T09:09:31Z","timestamp":1762852171264,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011061","name":"French Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Herrnstein Family Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sentinel animals may play a key role in the surveillance of arbovirus circulation, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the relevance of using dogs as sentinel animals for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) surveillance in Madagascar. Serological surveys were conducted on 513 dogs and 135 cattle in the Ifanadiana district, southeastern Madagascar. In addition, 486 human dry blood samples available from the same area were used. Antibodies against RVFV were detected in 23 of 513 dogs, in 86 of 486 humans, and in 33 of 135 cattle. Serocatalytic models fitted to age-stratified serological data were developed to estimate the RVFV force of infection (FOI) under several hypotheses, ranging from no relationship to proportional RVFV FOIs between humans, cattle, and dogs. The best supported model indicated that RVFV FOI in humans and cattle was proportional to RVFV FOI in dogs. Proportionality parameters were estimated at 2.6 (95% credible interval: [1.4\u20135.1]) for humans and 3.5 (95% credible interval: [1.3\u20136.4]) for cattle. Our findings suggested that dog blood samples could be used to identify RVFV circulation in RVF endemic areas and infer the exposure of humans and cattle in these areas in Madagascar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:47:58Z","timestamp":1762177678000},"page":"1461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Multi-Host Approach to Quantitatively Assess the Role of Dogs as Sentinels for Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) Surveillance in Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3967-7835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herilantonirina Solotiana","family":"Ramaroson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Animal, Sant\u00e9, Territoires, Risques et \u00c9cosyst\u00e8mes (ASTRE), Centre de coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD), 34398  Montpellier, France"},{"name":"\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Maladies Infectieuses Multi-h\u00f4tes (EPIMIM), Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, Anses, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Epid\u00e9miologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Recherches Zootechniques, V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires et Piscicoles, Centre National de la Recherche Appliqu\u00e9e au D\u00e9veloppement Rural (FOFIFA), Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"},{"name":"UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Garchitorena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, \u00c9cologie, G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, \u00c9volution et Contr\u00f4le (MIVEGEC), University of Montpellier, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), 34000 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"National Government Organization (NGO) Pivot, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana 312, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3173-4053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Lacoste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6397-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soa Fy","family":"Andriamandimby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthieu","family":"Schoenhals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Immunologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Bastard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Maladies Infectieuses Multi-h\u00f4tes (EPIMIM), Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, Anses, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), Institut Pierre Louis d\u2019\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et de Sant\u00e9 Publique (IPLESP), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 93430 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Albrechtova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Animal, Sant\u00e9, Territoires, Risques et \u00c9cosyst\u00e8mes (ASTRE), Centre de coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD), 34398  Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Epid\u00e9miologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"},{"name":"UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laure J. G.","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Animal, Sant\u00e9, Territoires, Risques et \u00c9cosyst\u00e8mes (ASTRE), Centre de coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD), 34398  Montpellier, France"},{"name":"ASTRE, CIRAD, Institut National de Recherche pour l\u2019Agriculture, l\u2019Alimentation et l\u2019Environnement (INRAE), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domoina","family":"Rakotomanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Recherches Zootechniques, V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires et Piscicoles, Centre National de la Recherche Appliqu\u00e9e au D\u00e9veloppement Rural (FOFIFA), Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick de Valois","family":"Rasamoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Recherches Zootechniques, V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires et Piscicoles, Centre National de la Recherche Appliqu\u00e9e au D\u00e9veloppement Rural (FOFIFA), Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Modestine","family":"Raliniaina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Recherches Zootechniques, V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires et Piscicoles, Centre National de la Recherche Appliqu\u00e9e au D\u00e9veloppement Rural (FOFIFA), Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heritiana Fanomezantsoa","family":"Andriamahefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction des Services V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamitiana Aim\u00e9","family":"Andriamananjara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction des Services V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lova Tsikiniaina","family":"Rasoloharimanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Immunologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2155-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solohery Lalaina","family":"Razafimahatratra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Immunologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6170-8577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude Ars\u00e8ne","family":"Ratsimbasoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National d\u2019Application de Recherches Pharmaceutiques, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0669-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Maladies Infectieuses Multi-h\u00f4tes (EPIMIM), Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, Anses, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Animal, Sant\u00e9, Territoires, Risques et \u00c9cosyst\u00e8mes (ASTRE), Centre de coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD), 34398  Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Epid\u00e9miologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"},{"name":"UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Bank (2024). World Bank Navigating Two Decades of High Poverty and Charting a Course for Change in Madagascar: Poverty and Equity Assessment, February 2024, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonds, M.H., Ouenzar, M.A., Garchitorena, A., Cordier, L.F., McCarty, M.G., Rich, M.L., Andriamihaja, B., Haruna, J., and Farmer, P.E. (2018). Madagascar Can Build Stronger Health Systems to Fight Plague and Prevent the next Epidemic. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006131"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.02.007","article-title":"The Use of Animals as a Surveillance Tool for Monitoring Environmental Health Hazards, Human Health Hazards and Bioterrorism","volume":"203","author":"Neo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.0237","article-title":"A Framework for Evaluating Animals as Sentinels for Infectious Disease Surveillance","volume":"4","author":"Halliday","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01116.x","article-title":"Juvenile Dogs as Potential Sentinels for West Nile Virus Surveillance","volume":"55","author":"Resnick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowser, N.H., and Anderson, N.E. (2018). Dogs (Canis familiaris) as Sentinels for Human Infectious Disease and Application to Canadian Populations: A Systematic Review. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5040083"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.130691","article-title":"Serologic Surveillance for West Nile Virus in Dogs, Africa","volume":"20","author":"Davoust","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881600011X","article-title":"Seroprevalence of West Nile and Usutu Viruses in Military Working Horses and Dogs, Morocco, 2012: Dog as an Alternative WNV Sentinel Species?","volume":"144","author":"Durand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thongyuan, S., and Kittayapong, P. (2017). First Evidence of Dengue Infection in Domestic Dogs Living in Different Ecological Settings in Thailand. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180013"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1607.091757","article-title":"Dogs as Sentinels for Human Infection with Japanese Encephalitis Virus","volume":"16","author":"Shimoda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3358-5","article-title":"Changes to Taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature Ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2017)","volume":"162","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700340418","article-title":"Enzootic Hepatitis or Rift Valley Fever. An Undescribed Virus Disease of Sheep Cattle and Man from East Africa","volume":"34","author":"Daubney","year":"1931","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budasha, N., Gonzalez, J., Sebhatu, T., and Ezama, A. (2018). Rift Valley Fever Seroprevalence and Abortion Frequency among Livestock of Kisoro District, South Western Uganda (2016): A Prerequisite for Zoonotic Infection. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1596-8"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anywaine, Z., Lule, S.A., Hansen, C., Warimwe, G., and Elliott, A. (2022). Clinical Manifestations of Rift Valley Fever in Humans: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010233"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Fontenille, D. (1989). Etude Des Circuits de Vection d\u2019arbovirus, \u00e0 Madagascar, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2516(91)90070-J","article-title":"Rift valley fever on the east coast of Madagascar","volume":"142","author":"Morvan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2516(06)80134-2","article-title":"Rift Valley fever epizootic in the central highlands of Madagascar","volume":"143","author":"Morvan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Res. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1606.091266","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever during Rainy Seasons, Madagascar, 2008 and 2009","volume":"16","author":"Andriamandimby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harimanana, A., Andriamandimby, S., Ranoaritiana, D., Randrianasolo, L., Irinantenaina, J., Ranoelison, N., Rafisandrantatsoa, J., Ankasitrahana, M., Raherinandrasana, A., and Andriamahatana, M. (2024). The Re-Emergence of Rift Valley Fever in Mananjary District, Madagascar in 2021: A Call for Action. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030257"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratsitorahina, M., Rasambainarivo, J.H., Raharimanana, S., Rakotonandrasana, H., Andriamiarisoa, M.-P., Rakalomanana, F.A., and Richard, V. (2009). Dog Ecology and Demography in Antananarivo, 2007. BMC Vet. Res., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-5-21"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2993\/0278-0771-40.4.483","article-title":"Human-Dog Relationships across Communities Surrounding Ranomafana and Andasibe-Mantadia National Parks, Madagascar","volume":"40","author":"Kshirsagar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/440605b","article-title":"Dogs Can Play Useful Role as Sentinel Hosts for Disease","volume":"440","author":"Cleaveland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becquart, P., Bohou Kombila, L., Mebaley, T.N., Paupy, C., Garcia, D., Nesi, N., Olive, M.-M., Vanhomwegen, J., Boundenga, L., and Mombo, I.M. (2024). Evidence for Circulation of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Wildlife and Domestic Animals in a Forest Environment in Gabon, Central Africa. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011756"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90005-1","article-title":"The Rift Valley Fever Epizootic in Egypt 1977\u20131978. 2. Ecological and Entomological Studies. Trans. R","volume":"73","author":"Hoogstraal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007145","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007145","article-title":"Geographic Barriers to Establishing a Successful Hospital Referral System in Rural Madagascar","volume":"6","author":"Ihantamalala","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, M.V., Bonds, M.H., Cordier, L.F., Drake, J.M., Ihantamalala, F., Haruna, J., Miller, A.C., Murdock, C.C., Randriamanambtsoa, M., and Raza-Fanomezanjanahary, E.M. (2021). Socio-Demographic, Not Environmental, Risk Factors Explain Fine-Scale Spatial Patterns of Diarrhoeal Disease in Ifanadiana, Rural Madagascar. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 288.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2501"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"CREAM (2013). Monographie de la R\u00e9gion Vatovavy Fitovinany, Centre de Recherches, d\u2019Etudes et d\u2019Appui \u00e0 l\u2019analyse Economique \u00e0 Madagascar."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1841437","DOI":"10.1080\/23288604.2020.1841437","article-title":"Networks of Care in Rural Madagascar for Achieving Universal Health Coverage in Ifanadiana District","volume":"6","author":"Cordier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Syst. Reform"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1394","article-title":"Cohort Profile: Ifanadiana Health Outcomes and Prosperity Longitudinal Evaluation (IHOPE)","volume":"47","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olive, M.-M., Chevalier, V., Grosbois, V., Tran, A., Andriamandimby, S.-F., Durand, B., Ravalohery, J.-P., Andriamamonjy, S., Rakotomanana, F., and Rogier, C. (2016). Integrated Analysis of Environment, Cattle and Human Serological Data: Risks and Mechanisms of Transmission of Rift Valley Fever in Madagascar. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004827"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329961","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2017.1329961","article-title":"Baseline Population Health Conditions Ahead of a Health System Strengthening Program in Rural Madagascar","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pdb.prot102269","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot102269","article-title":"Bradford Assay for Determining Protein Concentration","volume":"2020","author":"Kielkopf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1214\/09-SS053","article-title":"Finite Mixture Models and Model-Based Clustering","volume":"4","author":"Melnykov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat. Surv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Ram\u00edrez, E., Cano-G\u00f3mez, C., Llorente, F., Ad\u017ei\u0107, B., Al Ameer, M., Djadjovski, I., Hage, J., Mellouli, F., Goleti\u0107, T., and Hovsepyan, H. (2020). External Quality Assessment of Rift Valley Fever Diagnosis in 17 Veterinary Laboratories of the Mediterranean and Black Sea Regions. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239478"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9darrieu, A., Mellouli, F., Khallouki, H., Zro, K., Sebbar, G., Sghaier, S., Madani, H., Bouayed, N., L\u00f4, M., and Diop, M. (2021). External Quality Assessment of Rift Valley Fever Diagnosis in Countries at Risk of the Disease: African, Indian Ocean and Middle-East Regions. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251263"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02602-9","article-title":"Development of a Luminex-Based Assay for the Detection of Anti-Capripoxvirus and Rift Valley Fever Virus Antibodies in Domestic Ruminants","volume":"21","author":"Berguido","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809990781","article-title":"Seventy-Five Years of Estimating the Force of Infection from Current Status Data","volume":"138","author":"Hens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(57)92243-2","article-title":"Persistence of Antibodies to Rift Valley Fever in Man","volume":"270","author":"Brown","year":"1957","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matiko, M.K., Salekwa, L.P., Kasanga, C.J., Kimera, S.I., Evander, M., and Nyangi, W.P. (2018). Serological Evidence of Inter-Epizootic\/Inter-Epidemic Circulation of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Domestic Cattle in Kyela and Morogoro, Tanzania. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006931"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001296","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever: Biology and Epidemiology","volume":"100","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101669","article-title":"Naturally Acquired Rift Valley Fever Virus Neutralizing Antibodies Predominantly Target the Gn Glycoprotein","volume":"23","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2024.100806","article-title":"Serodynamics: A Primer and Synthetic Review of Methods for Epidemiological Inference Using Serological Data","volume":"49","author":"Hay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000345","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000345","article-title":"Modelling Historical Changes in the Force-of-Infection of Chagas Disease to Inform Control and Elimination Programmes: Application in Colombia","volume":"2","author":"Nouvellet","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0249","article-title":"Prevalence of Rift Valley Fever Infection in Ruminants in Madagascar After the 2008 Outbreak","volume":"11","author":"Jeanmaire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0383","article-title":"Seroepidemiological Study of Interepidemic Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection Among Persons with Intense Ruminant Exposure in Madagascar and Kenya","volume":"93","author":"Gray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, M., Warimwe, G., Di Nardo, A., Lyons, N., and Gubbins, S. (2018). Systematic Literature Review of Rift Valley Fever Virus Seroprevalence in Livestock, Wildlife and Humans in Africa from 1968 to 2016. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006627"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-532","article-title":"Observations on Rift Valley Fever Virus and Vaccines in Egypt","volume":"8","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2017.01.004","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever","volume":"37","author":"Hartman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19506","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.10.19506-en","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever\u2014A Threat for Europe?","volume":"15","author":"Chevalier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.3.543","article-title":"Host-Feeding Patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Relation to Availability of Human and Domestic Animals in Suburban Landscapes of Central North Carolina","volume":"43","author":"Richards","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.5.844","article-title":"Blood Feeding Patterns of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Thailand","volume":"42","author":"Ponlawat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"32","article-title":"Host-Feeding Preference of the Mosquito, Culex Quinquefasciatus, in Yucatan State, Mexico","volume":"10","author":"Blitvich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.09.016","article-title":"European Ring Trial to Evaluate ELISAs for the Diagnosis of Infection with Rift Valley Fever Virus","volume":"187","author":"Kortekaas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surtees, R., Stern, D., Ahrens, K., Kromarek, N., Lander, A., Kreher, P., Weiss, S., Hewson, R., Punch, E.K., and Barr, J.N. (2020). Development of a Multiplex Microsphere Immunoassay for the Detection of Antibodies against Highly Pathogenic Viruses in Human and Animal Serum Samples. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008699"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Geering, W.A., Davies, F.G., and Martin, V. (2002). Preparation of Rift Valley Fever Contingency Plans, FAO Animal Health Manual."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chevalier, V., Rakotondrafara, T., Jourdan, M., H\u00e9raud, J., Andriamanivo, H., Durand, B., Ravaomanana, J., Rollin, P., and Rakotondravao, R. (2011). An Unexpected Recurrent Transmission of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Cattle in a Temperate and Mountainous Area of Madagascar. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001423"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0538","article-title":"A 3-Year Serological and Virological Cattle Follow-Up in Madagascar Highlands Suggests a Non-Classical Transmission Route of Rift Valley Fever Virus","volume":"90","author":"Nicolas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olive, M.-M., Grosbois, V., Tran, A., Nomenjanahary, L.A., Rakotoarinoro, M., Andriamandimby, S.-F., Rogier, C., Heraud, J.-M., and Chevalier, V. (2017). Reconstruction of Rift Valley Fever Transmission Dynamics in Madagascar: Estimation of Force of Infection from Seroprevalence Surveys Using Bayesian Modelling. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39870"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12069","article-title":"Biology of Mosquitoes That Are Potential Vectors of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Different Biotopes of the Central Highlands of Madagascar","volume":"50","author":"Tantely","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"5","article-title":"La fonction sentinelle en epidemiologie","volume":"56","author":"Toma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epid\u00e9miol. et sant\u00e9 anim."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broban, A., Olive, M.-M., Tantely, M.L., Dorsemans, A.-C., Rakotomanana, F., Ravalohery, J.-P., Rogier, C., Heraud, J.-M., and Andriamandimby, S.F. (2023). Seroprevalence of IgG Antibodies Directed against Dengue, Chikungunya and West Nile Viruses and Associated Risk Factors in Madagascar, 2011 to 2013. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081707"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chevalier, V., Marsot, M., Molia, S., Rasamoelina, H., Rakotondravao, R., Pedrono, M., Lowenski, S., Durand, B., Lecollinet, S., and Beck, C. (2020). Serological Evidence of West Nile and Usutu Viruses Circulation in Domestic and Wild Birds in Wetlands of Mali and Madagascar in 2008. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17061998"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12541","article-title":"Field Assessment of Dog as Sentinel Animal for Plague in Endemic Foci of Madagascar","volume":"16","author":"Rajerison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/11\/1461\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T09:04:25Z","timestamp":1762851865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/11\/1461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v17111461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17111461","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]}}}