{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:39:55Z","timestamp":1785872395649,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008065","name":"Georgia Research Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are no FDA-approved antiviral treatments for measles virus (MeV). Management is mainly supportive care. MeV treatments may include vitamin A, ribavirin, the MeV vaccine, or human immunoglobulin for pregnant patients exposed to MeV but lacking immunity. The Edmonston strain of MeV serves as the basis for the MeV vaccine and remains a component of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. We previously showed that probenecid can be used therapeutically to prevent the replication of several key respiratory viruses. This study indicates that pre-treatment with probenecid (prophylaxis) can inhibit the replication of the Edmonston MeV strain in VeroE6 cells (1.12 \u03bcM) and Vero-SLAM cells (1.03 \u03bcM), while treatment (1 h post-infection, hpi) inhibits replication in VeroE6 cells (1.32 \u03bcM) and Vero-SLAM cells (8.66 \u03bcM). These results suggest that probenecid is an effective, host-directed antiviral drug against MeV replication in vitro.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T07:58:05Z","timestamp":1762329485000},"page":"1475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Probenecid Treatment Inhibits Replication of the Edmonston Measles Virus Strain in Vero Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jackelyn","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2820-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TrippBio, Inc., Jacksonville, FL 32256, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph A.","family":"Tripp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e420","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30307-9","article-title":"The basic reproduction number (R(0)) of measles: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Guerra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amurri, L., Reynard, O., Gerlier, D., Horvat, B., and Iampietro, M. (2022). Measles Virus-Induced Host Immunity and Mechanisms of Viral Evasion. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122641"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Patel, P., and Tobin, E.H. (2025). MMR Vaccine. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"CD007719","article-title":"Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children","volume":"2016","author":"Bello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.01.003","article-title":"Improved antiviral activity in vitro of ribavirin against measles virus after complexation with cyclodextrins","volume":"62","author":"Grancher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-012-9368-z","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2012","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Rocke, Z., and Belyayeva, M. (2025). Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1997.00142.x","article-title":"Ribavirin and interferon-alpha combination therapy vs interferon-alpha alone in the retreatment of chronic hepatitis C: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Bellobuono","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S533","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir097","article-title":"Genetic characterization of measles vaccine strains","volume":"204","author":"Bankamp","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.10.4891-4900.2002","article-title":"Recombinant wild-type and edmonston strain measles viruses bearing heterologous H proteins: Role of H protein in cell fusion and host cell specificity","volume":"76","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12091","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01264-07","article-title":"A human lung carcinoma cell line supports efficient measles virus growth and syncytium formation via a SLAM- and CD46-independent mechanism","volume":"81","author":"Takeda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Rodriguez, C., Mujica, P., Illanes-Gonzalez, J., Lopez, A., Vargas, C., Saez, J.C., Gonzalez-Jamett, A., and Ardiles, A.O. (2023). Probenecid, an Old Drug with Potential New Uses for Central Nervous System Disorders and Neuroinflammation. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061516"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, L.P., Martin, D.E., and Tripp, R.A. (2025). The MAPK Response to Virus Infection Is Modified by Probenecid. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47040246"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, L.P., Martin, D.E., Murray, J., Sancilio, F., and Tripp, R.A. (2025). Probenecid Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs). Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15040511"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, L.P., Bergeron, H.C., Martin, D.E., Murray, J., Sancilio, F.D., and Tripp, R.A. (2024). Probenecid Inhibits Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in Regulating Respiratory Syncytial Virus Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212452"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12347","DOI":"10.3390\/s120912347","article-title":"Multiple applications of Alamar Blue as an indicator of metabolic function and cellular health in cell viability bioassays","volume":"12","author":"Rampersad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, J., Martin, D.E., Hosking, S., Orr-Burks, N., Hogan, R.J., and Tripp, R.A. (2024). Probenecid Inhibits Influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) Viruses In Vitro and in Mice. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010152"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, J., Martin, D.E., Sancilio, F.D., and Tripp, R.A. (2023). Antiviral Activity of Probenecid and Oseltamivir on Influenza Virus Replication. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122366"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, J., Bergeron, H.C., Jones, L.P., Reener, Z.B., Martin, D.E., Sancilio, F.D., and Tripp, R.A. (2022). Probenecid Inhibits Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1280404\/v1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripp, R.A., and Martin, D.E. (2022). Repurposing Probenecid to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2, Influenza Virus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Replication. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030612"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, J., Hogan, R.J., Martin, D.E., Blahunka, K., Sancilio, F.D., Balyan, R., Lovern, M., Still, R., and Tripp, R.A. (2021). Probenecid inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in vivo and in vitro. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97658-w"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01532-12","article-title":"Targeting organic anion transporter 3 with probenecid as a novel anti-influenza a virus strategy","volume":"57","author":"Perwitasari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atsaves, V., Leventaki, V., Rassidakis, G.Z., and Claret, F.X. (2019). AP-1 Transcription Factors as Regulators of Immune Responses in Cancer. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11071037"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripp, R.A., and Martin, D.E. (2023). Screening Drugs for Broad-Spectrum, Host-Directed Antiviral Activity: Lessons from the Development of Probenecid for COVID-19. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112254"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18095","article-title":"Morbillivirus: A highly adaptable viral genus","volume":"9","author":"Libbey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232ra52","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008517","article-title":"An orally available, small-molecule polymerase inhibitor shows efficacy against a lethal morbillivirus infection in a large animal model","volume":"6","author":"Krumm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox, R.M., Sourimant, J., Govindarajan, M., Natchus, M.G., and Plemper, R.K. (2021). Therapeutic targeting of measles virus polymerase with ERDRP-0519 suppresses all RNA synthesis activity. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009371"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25497-4","article-title":"Small-molecule polymerase inhibitor protects non-human primates from measles and reduces shedding","volume":"12","author":"Wittwer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"89","article-title":"Current animal models: Cotton rat animal model","volume":"330","author":"Niewiesk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02134-06","article-title":"Measles virus infection of SLAM (CD150) knockin mice reproduces tropism and immunosuppression in human infection","volume":"81","author":"Ohno","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/11\/1475\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T05:14:35Z","timestamp":1762492475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/11\/1475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v17111475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17111475","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]}}}