{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T13:58:48Z","timestamp":1780667928926,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Disease Control and Prevention Administration Public Health Talent Training Support Project\u2014Zhang Yong","award":["GJJKJ-2024-ZY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJKJ-2024-ZY"]}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases","award":["ZDGWNLJS25-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDGWNLJS25-36"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2302003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2302003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a significant global pathogen associated with severe respiratory infections and acute flaccid myelitis in children. Currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs available for EV-D68, and a robust model to elucidate the pathogenesis of EV-D68 and evaluate treatment methods is lacking. We developed a mouse-adapted EV-D68 strain that caused progressive limb paralysis after intramuscular inoculation in 7-day-old mice. Viral load analysis showed that the skeletal muscle and spinal cord had the highest titers and most severe injuries. RNA sequencing of the infected muscle, brain, spinal cord, and lung tissues revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with viral infection and pathogenesis. DEGs were significantly enriched in various pathways associated with antiviral immunity, interferon responses, and cytokine signaling. In the spinal cord, DEGs highlighted mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress as crucial contributors to neural damage. Flow cytometry analysis of spinal cord cells showed that EV-D68 activates the immune system, leading to systemic inflammation and significant increases in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, but limited neutrophil and monocyte infiltration. This mouse model provides a valuable tool for studying EV-D68 pathogenesis and evaluating antiviral and vaccine efficacy, thereby advancing the understanding of its neuropathological mechanisms. Importance: We developed a novel mouse model of EV-D68 that provides a valuable tool for studying its pathogenesis and evaluating antiviral and vaccine efficacy, deepening the understanding of its neuropathological basis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1762419723000},"page":"1478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spinal Cord Injury in Enterovirus D68 Infection: Mechanisms and Pathophysiology in a Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1480-4438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Polio Laboratory, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Microbial Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Laboratory Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"World Health Organization Polio Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0660-8888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jichen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Polio Laboratory, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Microbial Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Laboratory Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"World Health Organization Polio Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Polio Laboratory, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Microbial Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Laboratory Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"World Health Organization Polio Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Polio Laboratory, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Microbial Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Laboratory Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"World Health Organization Polio Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Polio Laboratory, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Microbial Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Laboratory Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"World Health Organization Polio Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Polio Laboratory, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Microbial Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Laboratory Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"World Health Organization Polio Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yucai","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Polio Laboratory, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Microbial Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Laboratory Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"World Health Organization Polio Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbo","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Polio Laboratory, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Microbial Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Laboratory Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"World Health Organization Polio Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6719-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4780-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Polio Laboratory, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Microbial Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Laboratory Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"World Health Organization Polio Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2692-5437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Polio Laboratory, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Microbial Genomics, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Laboratory Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"World Health Organization Polio Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e195839","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI195839","article-title":"EV-D68 neurological disease: Tipping the scales toward immunopathogenesis","volume":"135","author":"Krug","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120693","article-title":"A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases","volume":"85","author":"Schieble","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76609","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76609","article-title":"Changes in transmission of Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in England inferred from seroprevalence data","volume":"12","author":"Lambert","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.043935-0","article-title":"Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68","volume":"93","author":"Tokarz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.1016","article-title":"Enterovirus D68\u2013Associated Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Rising to the Clinical and Research Challenges","volume":"321","author":"Messacar","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Zhang, X., Dai, W., Liu, Q., Xiong, P., Wang, S., Geng, L., Gong, S., and Huang, Z. (2018). A Mouse Model of Enterovirus D68 Infection for Assessment of the Efficacy of Inactivated Vaccine. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020058"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy, H., Poelman, R., Knoester, M., Van Leer-Buter, C.C., and Niesters, H.G.M. (2018). Enterovirus D68\u2014The New Polio?. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02677"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw372","article-title":"Acute Flaccid Myelitis in the United States, August-December 2014: Results of Nationwide Surveillance","volume":"63","author":"Sejvar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.T., Shih, W.L., Yen, T.Y., Cheng, A.L., Lu, C.Y., Chang, L.Y., and Huang, L.M. (2020). Enterovirus D68 seroepidemiology in Taiwan, a cross sectional study from 2017. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230180"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"784","article-title":"Circulation of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) causing respiratory illness in New South Wales, Australia, between August 2018 and November 2019","volume":"54","author":"Yeang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco, J.C.G., Sylla, F.Y.D., Granados, S., Noghero, A., Boukhvalova, M.S., and Kajon, A.E. (2025). Enterovirus D68 infection in cotton rats results in systemic inflammation with detectable viremia associated with extracellular vesicle and neurologic disease. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89447-6"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, H.W., Sun, M., Guo, L., Wang, J.J., Song, J., Li, J.Q., Li, H.Z., Ning, R.T., Yang, Z.N., and Fan, H.T. (2017). Nasal Infection of Enterovirus D68 Leading to Lower Respiratory Tract Pathogenesis in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9050104"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hixon, A.M., Yu, G., Leser, J.S., Yagi, S., Clarke, P., Chiu, C.Y., and Tyler, K.L. (2017). A mouse model of paralytic myelitis caused by enterovirus D68. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006199"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.11.013","article-title":"A neonatal mouse model of Enterovirus D68 infection induces both interstitial pneumonia and acute flaccid myelitis","volume":"161","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hixon, A.M., Frost, J., Rudy, M.J., Messacar, K., Clarke, P., and Tyler, K.L. (2019). Understanding Enterovirus D68-Induced Neurologic Disease: A Basic Science Review. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090821"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2023.08.007","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo models for the study of EV-D68 infection","volume":"55","author":"Hooi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0124-1","article-title":"The multifaceted contributions of mitochondria to cellular metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Spinelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12985","article-title":"Mitochondrial form and function","volume":"505","author":"Friedman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2010.08.006","article-title":"Mitochondria and viruses","volume":"11","author":"Ohta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity","volume":"124","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1466014","article-title":"Viral strategies for triggering and manipulating mitophagy","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamud, Y., Li, B., Bahreyni, A., and Luo, H. (2023). Mitochondria Dysfunction at the Heart of Viral Myocarditis: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Implications. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020351"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1820","article-title":"Global reemergence of enterovirus D68 as an important pathogen for acute respiratory infections","volume":"25","author":"Imamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70093-9","article-title":"A novel outbreak enterovirus D68 strain associated with acute flaccid myelitis cases in the USA (2012\u201314): A retrospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Greninger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30094-X","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid myelitis-evaluating the evidence for causality","volume":"18","author":"Messacar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.11.012","article-title":"Development of a respiratory disease model for enterovirus D68 in 4-week-old mice for evaluation of antiviral therapies","volume":"162","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrey, J.D., Wang, H., Hurst, B.L., Zukor, K., Siddharthan, V., Van Wettere, A.J., Sinex, D.G., and Tarbet, E.B. (2018). Causation of Acute Flaccid Paralysis by Myelitis and Myositis in Enterovirus-D68 Infected Mice Deficient in Interferon \u03b1\u03b2\/\u03b3 Receptor Deficient Mice. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10010033"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e188495","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI188495","article-title":"Immune cells promote paralytic disease in mice infected with enterovirus D68","volume":"135","author":"Lan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.5858\/2010-0174-CR.1","article-title":"A fatal central nervous system enterovirus 68 infection","volume":"135","author":"Kreuter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2118155","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 in the Anterior Horn Cells of a Child with Acute Flaccid Myelitis","volume":"386","author":"Vogt","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01066-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01066-18","article-title":"Enterovirus A71 Infection Activates Human Immune Responses and Induces Pathological Changes in Humanized Mice","volume":"93","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.10.008","article-title":"Interferon-stimulated genes and their antiviral effector functions","volume":"1","author":"Schoggins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1896925","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B3 targets TFEB to disrupt lysosomal function","volume":"17","author":"Mohamud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp489","article-title":"Enterovirus-related activation of the cardiomyocyte mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in patients with acute myocarditis","volume":"31","author":"Bourlet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000443","article-title":"Coxsackievirus counters the host innate immune response by blocking type III interferon expression","volume":"97","author":"Lind","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/11\/1478\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T09:08:38Z","timestamp":1762420118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/11\/1478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v17111478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17111478","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]}}}