{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T09:20:38Z","timestamp":1762766438847,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China","award":["2024LHMS06018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024LHMS06018"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Operational Funds Project of Colleges and Universities Directly under the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["JY20250094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY20250094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The changes in charge distribution caused by mutations in the spike protein may play a crucial role in balancing infectivity and immune evasion during the evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To explore how charge increments in spike protein variants influence viral evolution, a statistical analysis was conducted on 57 SARS-CoV-2 variants, examining relationships between charge distribution, lineage divergence, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) affinity, immune evasion, and receptor-binding domain (RBD) expression. A phylogenetic tree was also reconstructed using only the charge properties of mutation sites. Results indicated that with increasing lineage divergence, overall positive charge initially rose sharply and then more gradually. Partitioning the spike protein into three domains\u2014the RBD, the N-terminal flanking region (B-RBD), and the C-terminal flanking region (A-RBD)\u2014revealed distinct patterns: positive charge increased in the RBD and A-RBD, whereas the B-RBD accumulated negative charge. Charge increments were negatively associated with ACE2 affinity and RBD expression but positively correlated with immune evasion. The k-mer-based tree derived from charge-reduced sequences showed a topology consistent with the whole-genome tree. These findings suggest that charge distribution in spike proteins is closely linked to viral evolution, with the opposing trends in the RBD and B-RBD potentially reflecting a balance between infectivity and immune escape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T08:57:55Z","timestamp":1762765075000},"page":"1483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of the Relationship Between the Charge Increment of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Evolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yingxue","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Menghao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4546-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty407","article-title":"Nextstrain: Real-time tracking of pathogen evolution","volume":"34","author":"Hadfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocherie, T., Zafilaza, K., Leducq, V., Marot, S., Calvez, V., Marcelin, A.G., and Todesco, E. 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