{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:35:50Z","timestamp":1791588950188,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-15-00471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-15-00471"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The traditional method used in the production of inactivated vaccines is chemical inactivation using beta-propiolactone or formaldehyde. An alternative method is inactivation by irradiation. Virus inactivation is often accompanied by a change in particle shape, which can negatively affect the preservation of antigens and immunogenicity. Therefore, determining the shape and structure of the viral particle after inactivation is an important step in the development of antiviral vaccines. The poliovirus strain Sabin 2 was inactivated with a dose of 30.5 \u00b1 0.5 kGy. in a pulsed linear electron accelerator with a power of 15 kW and electron energy of 10 MeV. Samples inactivated with beta-propiolactone or formaldehyde were used for comparison. All types of inactivation resulted in D-antigen recovery as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There was no statistical difference between D-antigen recovery in irradiated samples and those inactivated chemically. The shape and structure of the inactivated poliovirus particles were studied using atomic force and electron microscopy. After inactivation with beta-propiolactone or formaldehyde, a change in the native icosahedral shape was observed, with many particles appearing flattened. Specific sorption of antibodies showed that the antigen is mainly preserved in intact capsids for all type of inactivation. However, in the case of inactivation with formaldehyde and accelerated electrons, a significant number of fragments measuring 10\u201320 nm in height were present. Their proportion was 38 \u00b1 2% and 17 \u00b1 2% for inactivation with accelerated electrons and formaldehyde, respectively. The proportion of bound fragments during inactivation with beta-propiolactone was less than 1%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T09:10:45Z","timestamp":1763025045000},"page":"1498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Atomic Force Microscopy of Poliovirus Particles After Inactivation by Chemical Methods and Accelerated Electrons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8062-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey V.","family":"Kraevsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., 119121 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey L.","family":"Kanashenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena V.","family":"Kolesnichenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0995-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury Yu.","family":"Ivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., 119121 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 8\/1 Moskovsky Settlement, Polio Institute Settlement, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasiia N.","family":"Piniaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., 119121 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 8\/1 Moskovsky Settlement, Polio Institute Settlement, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3200-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiya A.","family":"Kovpak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 8\/1 Moskovsky Settlement, Polio Institute Settlement, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aydar A.","family":"Ishmukhametov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 8\/1 Moskovsky Settlement, Polio Institute Settlement, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey V.","family":"Budnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teocortex LLC, 34\/6 Pervomaysky Settlement, 108808 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman S.","family":"Churyukin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teocortex LLC, 34\/6 Pervomaysky Settlement, 108808 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleg A.","family":"Shilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teocortex LLC, 34\/6 Pervomaysky Settlement, 108808 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4753-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry D.","family":"Zhdanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., 119121 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia Named After Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, August 18). 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