{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T01:19:59Z","timestamp":1776475199753,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 CA239593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA239593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K23 CA150931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 CA150931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is a gamma herpesvirus linked to the development of Kaposi sarcoma (KS). KS is more common in persons living with HIV (PLWH), but endemic KS in HIV-negative individuals is also common in sub-Saharan Africa. HHV-8 shedding occurs in the oral mucosa and is likely responsible for transmission. The mechanistic drivers of different HHV-8 shedding patterns in infected individuals are unknown. We applied stochastic mathematical models to a longitudinal study of HHV-8 oral shedding in 295 individuals in Uganda who were monitored daily with oral swabs. Participants were divided into four groups based on whether they were HIV-negative or -positive, as well as KS-negative or -positive. In all groups, we observed a wide variance of shedding patterns, including no shedding, brief episodic low viral load shedding, prolonged episodic medium viral load shedding, and persistent high viral load shedding. Our model closely replicates patterns in individual data and attributes higher shedding rates to increased rates of viral reactivation and lower median viral load values to more rapid and effective engagement of cytolytic immune responses. Our model provides a framework for understanding different shedding patterns observed in individuals with HHV-8 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:57:13Z","timestamp":1763038633000},"page":"1500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Human Herpes Virus-8 Oral Shedding Heterogeneity Is Due to Varying Rates of Reactivation from Latency and Immune Containment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Swan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Krantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Okuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala P.O. Box 3935, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Nankoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala P.O. Box 3935, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Innocent","family":"Mutyaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala P.O. Box 3935, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warren","family":"Phipps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua T.","family":"Schiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7997879","article-title":"Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma","volume":"266","author":"Chang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(84)80309-3","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma: Presence of herpes-type virus particles in a tumor specimen","volume":"15","author":"Walter","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hum. 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