{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T05:25:58Z","timestamp":1763529958741,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Economic and Finances","award":["3.01.56","3.04.11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3.01.56","3.04.11"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01 AI151807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI151807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"SENACYT grants for Sistema Nacional de Investigacion","award":["SNI 21-2020","SNI 52-2023","SNI 53-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNI 21-2020","SNI 52-2023","SNI 53-2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are an increasingly significant threat to public health in tropical regions. In this study, we investigated the seroprevalence of various arboviruses in two species of sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni and Bradypus variegatus) in rural and peri-urban areas of Western Panama province. Between 2013 and 2018, blood samples from 60 sloths were tested for neutralizing antibodies against ten arboviruses. Significant variation in seroprevalence of different arboviruses was observed: 6.7% of sloths were seropositive for Madariaga virus, 6.7% for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and 4.8% for Oropouche virus, while none were seropositive for dengue type 2, Zika, chikungunya, Una, Mayaro, or Punta Toro viruses. Notably, two Changuinola virus (CGLV) strains, which were previously isolated from Panamanian sloths in the 1970s, showed high seroprevalence: Pansloth 149 (23.3%) and D50 (53.3%). Given the high seroprevalence detected in our study and the lack of genomic characterization of the historical Pansloth 149 isolate, we performed next-generation sequencing of its complete genome using Illumina technology to understand its genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship with other CGLV strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:04:07Z","timestamp":1763388247000},"page":"1507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence of Arboviruses and Genetic Characterization of Orbiviruses in Sloths from Western Panama"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8621-3749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Corrales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816, Panama"},{"name":"Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama City 0801, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1651-9670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamilka","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2847-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Parasitology, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaneth","family":"Pitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisseth","family":"Saenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1459-2858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816, Panama"},{"name":"Centro Carson de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud y Ecosistemas (Carson Institute), Darien 12026, Panama"},{"name":"Centro Regional de Innovaci\u00f3n en Vacunas y Biof\u00e1rmacos (CRIVB AIP), Ciudad del Saber, Panama City 0826, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1627-0374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celestino","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama City 0801, Panama"},{"name":"Department of Human Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Panama City 0819-07289, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7816-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Panama City 0819-07289, Panama"},{"name":"Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n SNI-AIP, Ciudad del Saber, Panama City 0826, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3596-063X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Chen-Germ\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6481-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Hanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-3289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikos","family":"Vasilakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Tesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5653-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azael","family":"Salda\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama City 0801, Panama"},{"name":"Department of Research in Parasitology, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n SNI-AIP, Ciudad del Saber, Panama City 0826, Panama"},{"name":"Center for Research and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases (CIDEP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama City 0801, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1106-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"L\u00f3pez-Verg\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816, Panama"},{"name":"Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama City 0801, Panama"},{"name":"Centro Carson de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud y Ecosistemas (Carson Institute), Darien 12026, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n SNI-AIP, Ciudad del Saber, Panama City 0826, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30518-7","article-title":"Epidemic Arboviral Diseases: Priorities for Research and Public Health","volume":"17","author":"Gubler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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