{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:25:31Z","timestamp":1773415531945,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"program of science and technology international cooperation project of Qinghai province","award":["2022-HZ-812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-HZ-812"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China and Russian Foundation for Basic Research Cooperative Exchange Project","award":["32111530018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32111530018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As viromics advances, the diversity and ecological significance of RNA viruses in global ecosystems are gaining growing recognition. Nevertheless, studies on RNA viruses in wildlife, especially non-model avian species, are still relatively scarce. This study employed viral metagenomics to systematically characterize the gut RNA viromes of three widely distributed corvid species on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau: the Red-billed chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), Daurian jackdaw (Coloeus dauuricus), and Rook (Corvus frugilegus). These three corvid species are closely associated with human-inhabited areas on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau and display distinctive scavenging behaviors that may lower their exposure to environmental pathogens while concurrently elevating their risk of viral infection, rendering them key targets for viral surveillance and research into zoonotic disease transmission. The analysis annotated viral communities into 4 phyla and 8 classes, with Pisuviricota and Kitrinoviricota emerging as the predominant phyla in all samples. Alpha diversity analysis indicated no significant differences among groups, while beta diversity showed significant compositional differences. KEGG annotation revealed that enriched functional pathways were mainly concentrated in \u201cGlobal and overview maps\u201d, \u201cDrug resistance: antimicrobial\u201d, and \u201cBiosynthesis of other secondary metabolites\u201d. Furthermore, 4 antibiotic resistance genes and 13 putative virulence factor genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis further indicated that several identified viruses have the potential for cross-species transmission, underscoring the pivotal role of wild birds in viral ecosystems and disease spread. This study uncovered multi-faceted features of the gut RNA viromes in the three crow species, spanning structural, functional, and evolutionary dimensions. These results offer novel perspectives on the viromes of wild corvids and their potential contributions to viral emergence and dissemination in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:04:07Z","timestamp":1763388247000},"page":"1508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Viromic Insights into Gut RNA Virus Diversity Among Three Corvid Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2611-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonggang","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"},{"name":"College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8312-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sitong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7912-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xining Wildlife Park of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirill","family":"Sharshov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia"},{"name":"Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3156-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00591-3","article-title":"How to stop the bird flu outbreak becoming a pandemic","volume":"615","author":"Sidik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1303.060301","article-title":"Bird Migration Routes and Risk for Pathogen Dispersion into Western Mediterranean Wetlands","volume":"13","author":"Jourdain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. 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