{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T05:30:54Z","timestamp":1763703054899,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014417","name":"National Veterinary Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for West Nile Virus"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus is an invasive species in Europe, including Poland. Given its laboratory-confirmed competence for West Nile virus (WNV) transmission and its detection as a WNV vector in field-collected mosquitoes, this study investigated whether Polish Aedes japonicus harbor WNV and aimed to update knowledge on its distribution in Poland. (2) Methods: In September 2024, 137 adult Aedes japonicus were collected from three suburban sites in Poland (Kielce, Miko\u0142\u00f3w, Krak\u00f3w). Specimens were screened for WNV using RT-PCR and rRT-PCR. Additionally, unpublished records of Aedes japonicus were compiled to update the species\u2019 distribution. (3) Results: No WNV genetic material was detected in field-collected mosquitoes in Poland. By 2025, Aedes japonicus had been recorded in half of Polish voivodeships, with most observations in Ma\u0142opolskie, \u015al\u0105skie, and \u0141\u00f3dzkie. The largest adult populations occurred in Kielce. Ecological traits in Poland matched European and US data, including larval development in artificial containers, preference for suburban and forested habitats, and peak adult activity in late summer. (4) Conclusions: Although WNV was not detected, the rapid spread of Aedes japonicus in Poland underlines the need for continued monitoring of its distribution, population dynamics, and potential role in WNV transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T12:55:31Z","timestamp":1763556931000},"page":"1515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["West Nile Virus Pilot Screening in Field-Collected Aedes japonicus (Theobald, 1901): An Update of Species Distribution in Poland, 2025"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5737-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Niemiec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3714-0552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jowita Samanta","family":"Niczyporuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Kozdru\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Stolarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Mielczarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krakow Municipal Greenspace Authority, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"S\u0142omczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student at Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-136 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Barszcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 25-437 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kuziora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 37-403 Jastkowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Jarosiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 34-300 \u017bywiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Jarosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3316-0188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej J\u00f3zef","family":"Wo\u017anica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3344-2182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Zale\u015bny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Gwardjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Veterinary Inspectorate in Kielce, 25-116 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ocha\u0142a-Gierek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gierek Clinic, 43-450 Ustro\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8686-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Gierek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gierek Clinic, 43-450 Ustro\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Studies on the pupal mosquitoes of Japan. (5) Four subspecies of Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus Theobald, including subsp. shintienensis from Taiwan (Diptera, Culicidae)","volume":"8","author":"Tanaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Syst. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Japanese Aedes albopictus among four mosquito species reaching New Zealand in used tires","volume":"10","author":"Laird","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monath, T.P. (2023). Japanese Encephalitis: Risk of Emergence in the United States and the Resulting Impact. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202312.0692.v1"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"First record of Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in metropolitan France","volume":"19","author":"Schaffner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0632","article-title":"Introduction and establishment of the exotic mosquito species Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belgium","volume":"46","author":"Versteirt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2009.00825.x","article-title":"The invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus in Central Europe","volume":"23","author":"Schaffner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"223","article-title":"First record of the mosquitoes Aedes (Ochlerotatus) japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in Austria and Slovenia 2011 and for Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1895) in Austria","volume":"122","author":"Seidel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Entomol. Zeitschrift."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1645-8","article-title":"Spread of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in Austria, 2011\u20132015, and first records of the subspecies for Hungary, 2012, and the principality of Liechtenstein, 2015","volume":"9","author":"Seidel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"9","article-title":"First report of established population of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Netherlands","volume":"32","author":"Kampen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eur. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12337","article-title":"First record and spreading of the invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in Croatia","volume":"33","author":"Lipovac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1566-6","article-title":"First record of the Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus japonicus, in Italy: Invasion from an established Austrian population","volume":"9","author":"Seidel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janssen, N., Graovac, N., Vignjevi\u0107, G., Bogojevi\u0107, M.S., Turi\u0107, N., Klobu\u010dar, A., Kavran, M., Petri\u0107, D., \u0106upina, A.I., and Fischer, S. (2020). Rapid spread and population genetics of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in southeastern Europe (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia). PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241235"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3317-y","article-title":"First detection of Aedes japonicus in Spain: An unexpected finding triggered by citizen science","volume":"12","author":"Eritja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05062-0","article-title":"An unwanted companion reaches the country: The first record of the alien mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in Slovakia","volume":"14","author":"Svitok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04698-2","article-title":"Emergence of the invasive Asian bush mosquito, Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus, in an urban area, Romania","volume":"14","author":"Cazan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05332-5","article-title":"Emergence of the invasive Asian bush mosquito Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in the Czech Republic","volume":"15","author":"Janssen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2025, September 10). Citizen Science Platform iNaturalist. Available online: https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/observations\/145260810."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gierek, M., Ocha\u0142a-Gierek, G., Wo\u017anica, A.J., Zale\u015bny, G., Jarosz, A., and Niemiec, P. (2024). Winged Threat on the Offensive: A Literature Review Due to the First Identification of Aedes japonicus in Poland. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050703"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaffner, F., Kwa\u015bnik, M., Myczko, \u0141., Ro\u017cek, W., Eritja, R., Lippert, S., Wint, G.R.W., and Leszczy\u0144ska, J. (2024). A Survey Targeting Aedes invasive mosquito species in central Europe, Summer 2023, reveals the extensive occurrence of Aedes japonicus in Poland. J. Eur. Mosq. Control Assoc., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.52004\/2054930x-20241010"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.6.774","article-title":"Discovery, distribution, and abundance of the newly introduced mosquito Ochlerotatus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Connecticut, USA","volume":"38","author":"Andreadis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"581","article-title":"Tires as habitats for mosquitoes: A review of studies within the eastern United States","volume":"45","author":"Yee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011613-162012","article-title":"Invasion biology of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"59","author":"Kaufman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11050","article-title":"Weak larval competition between the invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and three resident container-inhabiting mosquitoes in the laboratory","volume":"49","author":"Hardstone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017415","article-title":"West Nile virus infection in birds and mosquitoes, New York State, 2000","volume":"7","author":"Bernard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2987\/20-6958.1","article-title":"Aedes japonicus and West Nile Virus in New York","volume":"36","author":"DeCarlo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01167-z","article-title":"Introduction of invasive mosquito species into Europe and prospects for arbovirus transmission and vector control in an era of globalization","volume":"12","author":"Brattig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2025, September 10). Aedes jaonicus distribution in Europe, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/aedes-japonicus-current-known-distribution-october-2023."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niczyporuk, J.S., Samorek-Salamonowicz, E., Lecollinet, S., Pancewicz, S.A., Kozdru\u0144, W., and Czekaj, H. (2015). Occurrence of West Nile virus antibodies in wild birds, horses, and humans in Poland. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/234181"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niczyporuk, J.S., Kozdrun, W., Czujkowska, A., Blanchard, Y., Helle, M., Dheilly, N.M., and Gonzalez, G. (2023). West Nile Virus Lineage 2 in Free-Living Corvus cornix Birds in Poland. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8080417"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ba\u017can\u00f3w, B., Jansen van Vuren, P., Szyma\u0144ski, P., Stygar, D., Fr\u0105cka, A., Twardo\u0144, J., Kozdrowski, R., and Paw\u0119ska, J.T. (2018). A Survey on West Nile and Usutu Viruses in Horses and Birds in Poland. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020087"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"409","article-title":"The evaluation of serum presence of antibodies reacting with West Nile Fever virus (WNV) antigens among inhabitants from Podlaskie and \u015awi\u0119tokrzyskie region","volume":"61","author":"Kondrusik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Przegl. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"93","article-title":"West Nile Virus Infection","volume":"60","author":"Grygorczuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Przegl. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2025, September 10). West Nile fever in Europe in 2024, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Available online: https:\/\/wnv-monthly.ecdc.europa.eu\/archive\/wnv-2024.html."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"16","author":"Tanaka","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. Entomoll. Inst."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2025, September 12). Mosquito surveillance guidelines, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/en\/publications\/Publications\/TER-Mosquito-surveillance-guidelines.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, N., Petri\u0107, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M.B., Dahl, C., and Kaiser, A. (2020). Mosquitoes, Springer. Fascinating Life Sciences.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11623-1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.2011.023","article-title":"Attempts to detect West Nile Virus in wild birds in Poland","volume":"59","author":"Niczyporuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200515","article-title":"Two new real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays with unique target sites for the specific and sensitive detection of lineages 1 and 2 West Nile virus strains","volume":"22","author":"Eiden","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2025, September 25). MapaUTM Software Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.heteroptera.us.edu.pl\/mapautm.html."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050289a","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease","volume":"11","author":"Hayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kampen, H., Holicki, C.M., Ziegler, U., Groschup, M.H., Tews, B.A., and Werner, D. (2020). West Nile Virus Mosquito Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050493"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.2.130","article-title":"Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus","volume":"38","author":"Turell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2987\/09-0012.1","article-title":"Human bloodfeeding by the recently introduced mosquito, Aedes japonicus japonicus, and public health implications","volume":"25","author":"Molaei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/153036604773083013","article-title":"Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States","volume":"4","author":"Apperson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2987\/5714.1","article-title":"Laboratory colonization of Aedes japonicus japonicus","volume":"24","author":"Williges","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06279-5","article-title":"The potential role of the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus as spillover vector for West Nile virus in the Netherlands","volume":"17","author":"Linthout","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cebri\u00e1n-Camis\u00f3n, S., Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente, J., and Figuerola, J. (2020). A Literature Review of Host Feeding Patterns of Invasive Aedes Mosquitoes in Europe. Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11120848"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12155","article-title":"Host preferences in host-seeking and blood-fed mosquitoes in Switzerland","volume":"30","author":"Wagner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11031","article-title":"Larval mosquito habitat utilization and community dynamics of Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"49","author":"Unlu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139365","article-title":"Synchrony of globally invasive Aedes spp. immature mosquitoes along an urban altitudinal gradient in their native range","volume":"734","author":"Chaves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05780-7","article-title":"Using community science data to assess the association between urbanization and the presence of invasive Aedes species in Hungary","volume":"16","author":"Garamszegi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klobu\u010dar, A., Kavran, M., Petrini\u0107, S., and Curman Posavec, M. (2024). Temporal Activity and Distribution of the Invasive Mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus in the Zagreb Area, Croatia. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9110263"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanfack-Minkeu, F., Delong, A., Luri, M., and Poelstra, J.W. (2023). Invasive Aedes japonicus Mosquitoes Dominate the Aedes Fauna Collected with Gravid Traps in Wooster, Northeastern Ohio, USA. Insects, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14010056"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3349-3","article-title":"The Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Europe, 17 years after its first detection, with a focus on monitoring methods","volume":"12","author":"Koban","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjy002","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Asian Bush Mosquito (Aedes japonicus japonicus) Control Actions in Colonised Peri-urban Areas in the Netherlands","volume":"55","author":"Teekema","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dussault, C., Nelder, M.P., Russell, C., Johnson, S., and Vrbova, L. (2018). Evaluating the impact of Aedes japonicus invasion on the mosquito community in the Greater Golden Horseshoe region (Ontario, Canada). PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208911"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2025, October 30). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/news-events\/epidemiological-update-west-nile-virus-transmission-season-europe-2018."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45290-3","article-title":"Contribution of climate change to the spatial expansion of West Nile virus in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Erazo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437244","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2437244","article-title":"West Nile Virus in a changing climate: Epidemiology, pathology, advances in diagnosis and treatment, vaccine designing and control strategies, emerging public health challenges\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7004a4","article-title":"Notes from the Field: An Outbreak of West Nile Virus\u2014Arizona, 2019","volume":"70","author":"Ruberto","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0809","article-title":"Supersuppression: Reservoir Competency and Timing of Mosquito Host Shifts Combine to Reduce Spillover of West Nile Virus","volume":"95","author":"Levine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.109","article-title":"The influence of weather and weather variability on mosquito abundance and infection with West Nile virus in Harris County, Texas, USA","volume":"675","author":"Poh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.2.230","article-title":"Effects of warm winter temperature on the abundance and gonotrophic activity of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) in California","volume":"47","author":"Reisen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0239","article-title":"Regional variation of climatic influences on West Nile virus outbreaks in the United States","volume":"91","author":"Wimberly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Tomczyk, A.M., and Bednorz, E. (2022). Climate Atlas of Poland (1991\u20132020), Bogucki Scientific Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2025, October 30). Climate in Poland in 2024, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management\u2014National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB, Poland). Available online: https:\/\/imgw.pl\/charakterystyka-wybranych-elementow-klimatu-w-polsce-w-2024-roku-podsumowanie\/."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2025, October 30). Climate in Poland in January 2024, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management\u2014National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB, Poland). Available online: https:\/\/www.imgw.pl\/wydarzenia\/charakterystyka-wybranych-elementow-klimatu-w-polsce-w-styczniu-2024-roku."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2025, October 30). Climate in Poland in February 2024, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management\u2014National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB, Poland). Available online: https:\/\/www.imgw.pl\/wydarzenia\/charakterystyka-wybranych-elementow-klimatu-w-polsce-w-lutym-2024-roku."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2025, October 30). Climate in Poland in March 2024, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management\u2014National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB, Poland). Available online: https:\/\/www.imgw.pl\/wydarzenia\/charakterystyka-wybranych-elementow-klimatu-w-polsce-w-marcu-2024-roku."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Niczyporuk, J.S., Kozdru\u0144, W., Stolarek, A., Piekarska, K., Taraisuk, K., Wyrostek, K., Kycko, A., Sell, B., Janek, E., and Czujkowska, A. (2025, January 26\u201327). Threat to bird health in the context of West Nile virus. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference\u2014Current and Future Threats to the Health of Poultry and Free-Living Birds, Pu\u0142awy, Poland."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06367-6","article-title":"Overwintering West Nile virus in active Culex pipiens mosquito populations in Greece","volume":"17","author":"Balatsos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-59","article-title":"Out of the bush: The Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (Diptera, Culicidae) becomes invasive","volume":"7","author":"Kampen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.1.43","article-title":"Evidence for reduction of native mosquitoes with increased expansion of invasive Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the northeastern United States","volume":"47","author":"Andreadis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cull, B. (2025). Online Crowdsourced Data from iNaturalist Can Assist Monitoring of Invasive Mosquitoes. Insects, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16020128"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"R12","article-title":"iNaturalist community observations provide valuable data on human-mosquito encounters","volume":"49","author":"Cull","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol. J. Soc. Vector Ecol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/11\/1515\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T05:26:35Z","timestamp":1763702795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/11\/1515"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v17111515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17111515","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]}}}