{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:20:54Z","timestamp":1792005654545,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI134733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI134733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21AI123616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI123616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21AI154336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI154336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21AI151717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI151717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["T32AI007485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI007485"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["F30AI181340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30AI181340"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["T32GM007337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM007337"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["F30AI174686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30AI174686"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orthoebolavirus zairense is the species name for Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) within Filoviridae. This group of viruses can cause severe disease in humans, characterized by hemorrhagic shock, coagulation abnormalities, and severe inflammation. While tissue macrophages are critical targets early during EBOV infection, other cell types support viral replication as disease progresses. At late stages of infection, infectious EBOV is found on the surface of the skin, which may be a critical source of infectious virus transmitted between individuals during outbreaks. Human skin contains a number of cellular targets of EBOV, including keratinocytes. Here, we demonstrate EBOV infection of telomerase-immortalized normal human skin keratinocytes (NHSK-1), as well as EBOV\u0394VP30 infection of NHSK-1 cells that were stably complemented with EBOV transcription factor VP30. Infection with EBOV\u0394VP30 did not elicit detectable endogenous interferon responses; however, exogenous pre-treatment of NHSK-1 cells with type I, II, and III interferon (IFN) inhibited EBOV\u0394VP30 infection and infection of an additional low-containment model of EBOV, rVSV\/EBOV GP, in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of the transcriptome of IFN-treated keratinocytes identified multiple genes unique to each IFN and a subset of ISGs upregulated by all three IFNs. Our results indicate that ISGs induced by IFN pre-treatment of keratinocytes can reduce infection, underlining that ISGs may serve as EBOV-targeting therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17121577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T12:39:43Z","timestamp":1764679183000},"page":"1577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interferons Inhibit Ebola Virus Infection of Human Keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8129-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonah","family":"Elliff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3259-1912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanora","family":"Van Ert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Sevcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8449-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija Anne","family":"Djurkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host Pathogens Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Rudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Mt. Mercy College, Cedar Rapids, IA 52402, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3885-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francoise","family":"Gourronc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4258-5046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aloysius","family":"Klingelhutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9848-8870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olena","family":"Shtanko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host Pathogens Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9892-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy","family":"Maury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x","article-title":"Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: Major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa","volume":"17","author":"Leroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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