{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:13:41Z","timestamp":1787588021134,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SIP 20242052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20242052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SIP 20232074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20232074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"SECIHTI","award":["CBF2023-2024 2199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBF2023-2024 2199"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chikungunya fever (CHIKV) has reemerged as a serious global health problem worldwide. Currently, no antiviral drugs are available for the prevention or treatment of CHIKV infection. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the anti-CHIKV potential of the alga Spirulina maxima. Extracts were obtained by maceration using solvents of different polarities (hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol). The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was evaluated using the MTT assay, which demonstrated that none of the extracts had a cytotoxic effect on VERO and BJ cell lines. The anti-CHIKV effect was evaluated using a plate assay with VERO, HepG2, and BJ cell lines. The results showed that the methanol extract had the best anti-CHIKV effect, completely inhibiting viral replication at a concentration of 15 \u00b5g\/mL in all three cell lines. Furthermore, the addition time assay suggested that the mechanism of action is related to the inhibition of some processes at the beginning of the infection, such as the entry or early replication of the virus. In conclusion, SP contains molecules that could provide a basis for future research on the development of new drug therapies against CHIKV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17121583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T10:50:38Z","timestamp":1764931838000},"page":"1583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Effect of Spirulina maxima (Arthrospira) Alga Against Chikungunya Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4148-4008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Angel","family":"Santiago-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservaci\u00f3n de la Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica Microbiana, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Manuel Carpio, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9366-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araceli","family":"Posadas-Mondrag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservaci\u00f3n de la Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Leopoldo","family":"Aguilar-Faisal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservaci\u00f3n de la Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar Ismael","family":"Ortiz-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica Microbiana, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Manuel Carpio, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danai","family":"Montalvan-Sorrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria, Alcald\u00eda Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norma Estela","family":"Herrera-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Oncolog\u00eda Molecular de la Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservaci\u00f3n de la Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganesan, V.K., Duan, B., and Reid, S.P. 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