{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T12:56:52Z","timestamp":1765544212915,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During their early life, puppies are protected against infectious agents with the presence of maternal derived antibodies (MDA). Vaccination is recommended to start as soon as the levels of MDA begin to wane to ensure that the puppy\u2019s immune system can respond effectively to the vaccines and develop active immunity against diseases. Two studies were designed to assess the efficacy of the CanigenTM DHPPi vaccine in puppies from 6 weeks of age. The studies comprised two parts: the efficacy assessment of the Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPiV) vaccine component against a virulent challenge with CPiV (Experiment A) and an immunogenicity assessment of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), Canine Adenovirus (CAV-2), and Canine Parvovirus (CPV-2) vaccine components (Experiment B). In Experiment A, twelve puppies were immunized with two injections of CanigenTM DHPPi (at minimum titer) two weeks apart and twelve control puppies received the vaccine diluent. All animals were challenged with a virulent, heterologous CPiV strain two weeks after the second vaccination. Vaccinated puppies exhibited a significant reduction in nasal viral shedding compared to the control group. Clinical signs of respiratory disease were mild and transient in both groups. In Experiment B, six puppies were immunized with two injections of CanigenTM DHPPi (at minimum titer) two weeks apart. A follow-up of the seroneutralizing antibodies titers against the CDV, CAV-2 and CPV-2 vaccine components was performed in order to assess the efficacy on the serological response basis. After the first vaccine injection, all the puppies seroconverted and presented seroneutralizing antibody titers reaching a protective thresholds against CDV (\u2265100.82), CAV-2 and CAV-1 (\u2265100.82), CPV-2 and CPV-2c (\u2265101.8). After the second vaccine injection, a more robust immune response was observed and the seroneutralizing antibody titers remained high until 4 weeks post vaccination for those three vaccine components. In both experiments (A and B), all vaccinated animals remained in good health, with no adverse reactions recorded during the vaccination phase. As a conclusion, the efficacy of the CanigenTM DHPPi vaccine was demonstrated when administered in dogs from 6 weeks of age. These results fully support the interest of an early vaccination in such young puppies followed by the recommended vaccination scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17121607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T12:52:31Z","timestamp":1765543951000},"page":"1607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of a Modified-Live Virus Combination Vaccine (CDV, CAV, CPV, CPiV), CanigenTM DHPPi, in Puppies Vaccinated at Six Weeks of Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Loukeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virbac, 13\u00e8me rue, LID, 06511 Carros, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Senseby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virbac, 13\u00e8me rue, LID, 06511 Carros, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Benizeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virbac, 13\u00e8me rue, LID, 06511 Carros, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joelle","family":"Cronier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virbac, 13\u00e8me rue, LID, 06511 Carros, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Gueguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virbac, 13\u00e8me rue, LID, 06511 Carros, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.09.023","article-title":"Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper","volume":"127","author":"Beineke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ettinger, S.J., Feldman, E.C., and Cote, E. (2017). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Elsevier. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13718","article-title":"2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats\u2014Compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA)","volume":"65","author":"Squires","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020). Canine Parainfluenza vaccine (live). Monograph 1955 (07\/2020). European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2023). Vaccines for veterinary use. Monograph 0062 (01\/2023). European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_6.1","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council (2019). Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_6.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2019\/6 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on veterinary medicinal products and repealing Directive 2001\/82\/EC. Off J. Eur. Union, L4, 1-125."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2025, November 14). Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32010L0063."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.3.273","article-title":"A review of canine parainfluenza virus infection in dogs","volume":"240","author":"Ellis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2020). Canine Distemper vaccine (live). Monograph 0448 (07\/2020). European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2020). Canine Distemper vaccine (live). Monograph 1951 (07\/2020). European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"European Pharmacopoeia (2021). Canine Parvo vaccine (live). Monograph 1951 (07\/2021). European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe. [11th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/12\/1607\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T12:53:56Z","timestamp":1765544036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/12\/1607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v17121607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17121607","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]}}}