{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T05:17:21Z","timestamp":1765948641930,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2302700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2302700"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2305100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305100"]}]},{"name":"Alliance of International Science Organization","award":["ANSO-CR-KP-2021-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANSO-CR-KP-2021-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick-borne viruses (TBVs) pose significant public health and economic threats. Pakistan has endemic Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), but evidence suggests broader TBV circulation. This study assessed the seroprevalence of thirteen TBVs (seven are members of the genus Orthonairovirus and six are members of the genus Bandavirus) in humans, livestock, and rats in Punjab, Pakistan. Serum samples (n = 794: 321 livestock, 253 human, and 220 rat) were collected from the Narowal, Lahore, and Faisalabad districts. Antibodies to viral NPs were detected using the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS). The overall seroprevalence was 19.14% (152\/794); it was highest in livestock (27.10%), then humans (20.55%), and then rats (5.91%). The highest seroprevalence rates were 3.12% for CCHFV in livestock, 3.56% for Yezo virus (YEZV) in humans, and 0.91% for Tamdy virus (TAMV) and Tacheng tick virus 1 (TcTV-1) in rats. Neutralizing antibodies were detected against CCHFV (1 cattle, 4 humans), Bhanja virus (BHAV) (3 livestock, 1 rat), TAMV (1 cattle), Guertu virus (GTV) (1 cattle), and Dabie bandavirus (2 cattle). Sixteen samples showed antibodies to both orthonairoviruses and bandaviruses, indicating co-exposure. Further analysis showed that seropositivity was not randomly distributed. Livestock kept in commercial farming systems and people working mainly outdoors had distinctly higher exposure to TBVs than subsistence livestock and indoor workers. The results supported the circulation of TBVs among hosts within the close socio-economic\/ecological integration area of Pakistan. These findings confirm the circulation of CCHFV, SFTSV, GTV, and TAMV; provide the first serologic evidence of BHAV in Pakistan; and underscore the need for further investigation into the potential circulation of additional TBVs. All results demonstrated that multiple TBVs have been circulating among humans, livestock, and rodents in Pakistan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17121620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T13:32:37Z","timestamp":1765805557000},"page":"1620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Co-Circulation of Tick-Borne Bandaviruses and Orthonairoviruses Across Humans, Livestock, and Rats in Pakistan: Serologic Evidence and Public Health Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1454-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ammar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4929-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Awais-Ur-Rahman","family":"Sial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asad","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Reference Laboratory-KP, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9278-4875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaohui","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3045-7098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Khalid","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3229-0092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abulimiti","family":"Moming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rehman","family":"Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aneela","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Zohaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, P.O. Box 9515, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9515, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of the National Guard\u2014Health Affairs, P.O. Box 9515, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0013-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5385-083X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"The Acaricidal and Repellent Efficacy of Essential Oils and Their Immunomodulatory Effects against Hyalomma Ticks: A Review Article","volume":"45","author":"Omar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pak. 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