{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T03:05:19Z","timestamp":1789182319390,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: With modern antiretroviral regimens, durable viral suppression is now achieved in most people with HIV (PWH), whose life expectancy approaches that of the general population. Consequently, recent guidelines emphasise, beyond virological and immunological control, health-related quality of life and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) as targets of HIV care, including for dual regimens. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of clinical trials and observational studies evaluating PROs in adults treated with dual antiretroviral therapies, either oral or long-acting injectable. We also examined guideline documents and implementation studies addressing the role, feasibility, and interpretation of PROs in routine HIV care. Results: Trials of dual regimens reported high treatment satisfaction, convenience, and stable or improved quality of life, with some concerns related to injection-site reactions and visit burden for long-acting formulations. Emerging real-world data broadly confirm these findings but remain heterogeneous, with variability in instruments, assessment timing, and analytic approaches, limiting comparability and clinical use. Conclusions: PROs may support shared decision-making and optimise the use of dual therapies in PWH, but their uptake in clinical practice is still limited. Standardised tools, clearer interpretative frameworks, and pragmatic implementation strategies are needed to better integrate PROs into everyday HIV care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:22:27Z","timestamp":1766578947000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["PROs Assessment in Dual (Either Oral or Injectable) Antiretroviral Regimen in People with HIV: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0263-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Mazzitelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Malattie Infettive, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3405-8273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Bargiacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Ospedale Maggiore della Carit\u00e0, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Aurora","family":"Carleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Gender Medicine Unit, Cotugno Hospital, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3685-4289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Giacomelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan University, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Muccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCSS, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6622-6358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Taramasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Ospedale San Martino, 16131 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8105-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Trizzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3793-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Cingolani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Malattie Infettive, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e295","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(23)00028-0","article-title":"Life expectancy after 2015 of adults with HIV on long-term antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America: A collaborative analysis of cohort studies","volume":"10","author":"Trickey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001870","article-title":"Achieving the fourth 90: Healthy aging for people living with HIV","volume":"32","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7297.1297","article-title":"Measuring quality of life: Using quality of life measures in the clinical setting","volume":"322","author":"Higginson","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00678-w","article-title":"Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) in HIV Infection: Points to Consider and Challenges","volume":"11","author":"Antela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. 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