{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:49:41Z","timestamp":1792183781955,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2025 Ebola outbreak that ravaged the Bulape Health District (HD) in Kasai, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), was tackled using the incident management system (IMS) model. The Bulape HD is located in the Mweka territory, which has experienced two Ebola epidemics: one in 2007 and another in 2008. The IMS comprises seven strategies recommended for an effective response to an Ebola outbreak: (i) thorough investigation, (ii) strengthening infection prevention and control measures in the community, (iii) ensuring that medical care is provided by experienced professionals, (iv) strengthening risk communication and community engagement (RCCE), (v) ring vaccination, (vi) operational research, and (vii) anchoring interventions in the existing health system. We share our experience implementing these seven strategies and compare them with those utilized during three previous Ebola outbreaks. This paper describes our achievements, the resulting benefits, and the factors that facilitated the implementation of the aforementioned strategies. A literature review and interviews were conducted. The atlas.ti 22 software was used for data analysis. Implementing these seven strategies contributed to an effective response, largely due to the experience and expertise of those involved but also thanks to the support of technical and financial partners (TFPs) and the engagement of the local community. Challenges such as geographical accessibility, the fragile health system, the community\u2019s strong attachment to traditional practices, and negative reactions to healthcare\u2014which was widely discredited, with many of those involved expressing a lack of faith in its effectiveness\u2014were major obstacles. To overcome these challenges, an integrated approach was utilized, combining a rapid comprehensive response with deep and respectful community engagement. The support and alignment of TFPs were invaluable during this process. The RCCE pillar proved key to successful IMS implementation. Our experiences will be useful during the next Ebola outbreak in the DRC; additionally, they may also help to inform the response to similar outbreaks in other countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1766575334000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Seven Strategies Implemented in Response to the 16th Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Lessons Learned over a Three-Month Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Dieudonn\u00e9 K.","family":"Mwamba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0537-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl B.","family":"Angendu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Inserm U1094, IRD UMR270, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT\u2014Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases in Tropical Zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, 87000 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5922-1279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waly","family":"Diouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Laboratory of Sociology, Anthropology, and Psychology, Cheick Anta Diop University, Dakar 10700, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claire","family":"Mikobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olive","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0461-608X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danny","family":"Kalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nella","family":"Ntumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deogratias","family":"Kakule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David K.","family":"Kayembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Sana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bienvenu","family":"Kabasele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Katya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Montoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"The Alliance for International Medical Action, 75000 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9atrice","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"The Alliance for International Medical Action, 75000 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henriette","family":"Bulambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9946-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Otshudiema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Kapanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olea","family":"Balayulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanpie","family":"Muya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Kamangu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kitenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaston","family":"Tshapenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cris","family":"Kasita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6304-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mory","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis K.","family":"Kabasubabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Inserm U1094, IRD UMR270, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT\u2014Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases in Tropical Zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, 87000 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Mossoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9313-606X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian B.","family":"Ngandu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lestin","family":"Manianga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Moullec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Zarowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3828-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre Z.","family":"Akilimali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(1978). Report of a WHO\/International Study Team. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Report of a WHO\/International Study Team. Bull. World Health Organ., 56, 247\u2013270."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90925-7","article-title":"Isolation and partial characterisation of a new strain of Ebola virus","volume":"345","author":"Formenty","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Towner, J.S., Sealy, T.K., Khristova, M.L., Albari\u00f1o, C.G., Conlan, S., Reeder, S.A., Quan, P.-L., Lipkin, W.I., Downing, R., and Tappero, J.W. (2008). Newly discovered ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000212"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90737-P","article-title":"Preliminary report: Isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys imported to USA","volume":"335","author":"Jahrling","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"CDC (2025, December 01). Ebola. Outbreak History, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ebola\/outbreaks\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32621-6","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: Final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola \u00c7a Suffit!)","volume":"389","author":"Camacho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/2051013615611017","article-title":"Clinical development of Ebola vaccines","volume":"3","author":"Sridhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2025, December 01). Ebola Virus Disease Vaccines. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/questions-and-answers\/item\/ebola-vaccines."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.32607\/20758251-2017-9-3-4-11","article-title":"Virus-Vectored Ebola Vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Dolzhikova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Naturae"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03295-x","article-title":"How to prepare for the next inevitable Ebola outbreak: Lessons from West Africa","volume":"30","author":"Bosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullard, S.G. (2018). A Day-By-Day Chronicle of the 2013\u20132016 Ebola Outbreak, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-76565-5"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.71164\/socialmedicine.v13i2.2020.1213","article-title":"Ebola Lessons for a Global Village: I am my brothers\u2019 (and sisters\u2019) keeper","volume":"13","author":"Houghton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"World Health Association (2025, October 22). La Flamb\u00e9e d\u2019Ebola dans les Pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest ne Constitue plus une Urgence de Sant\u00e9 Publique de Port\u00e9e Internationale. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/fr\/news\/item\/29-03-2016-statement-on-the-9th-meeting-of-the-ihr-emergency-committee-regarding-the-ebola-outbreak-in-west-africa."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.03.029","article-title":"Ebolavirus is evolving but not changing: No evidence for functional change in EBOV from 1976 to the 2014 outbreak","volume":"482","author":"Olabode","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03901-9","article-title":"Resurgence of Ebola virus in 2021 in Guinea suggests a new paradigm for outbreaks","volume":"597","author":"Keita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24133","article-title":"Amino acid mutations in Ebola virus glycoprotein of the 2014 epidemic","volume":"87","author":"Giovanetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1898169","article-title":"Pathogenicity and Virulence of Ebolaviruses with Species- and Variant-specificity","volume":"12","author":"Yamaoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2025, October 22). Institut National de Sante Publique. Available online: https:\/\/insp.cd\/."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e3018","article-title":"Le\u00e7ons apprises de la gestion des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies de la maladie \u00e0 virus Ebola en R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo de 2007 \u00e0 2017","volume":"11","author":"Mwamba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Afr. M\u00e9d."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01950-6","article-title":"New Ebola virus disease outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Early response guidance","volume":"406","author":"Mwamba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"CDC (2025, October 22). Emergency Operations Centers and Incident Management Structure, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/field-epi-manual\/php\/chapters\/eoc-incident-management.html."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, October 22). Operations. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/operations."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebru, G.N., Henderson, A.K., Elduma, A.H., Squire, J.S., Vandi, M.A., Moffett, D., and Foster, M. (2025). The crucial role the field epidemiology training program played in preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone, January 2020 to August 2022. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1566824"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, October 29). Infection Prevention and Control Guideline for Ebola and Marburg Disease, August 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-WPE-CRS-HCR-2023.1."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-16-00226","article-title":"Social Mobilization and Community Engagement Central to the Ebola Response in West Africa: Lessons for Future Public Health Emergencies","volume":"4","author":"Gillespie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Health Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1904387","article-title":"Ebola Outbreak Response in the DRC with rVSV-ZEBOV-GP Ring Vaccination","volume":"391","author":"Muyembe","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Jaspard, M. (2022). La Recherche Op\u00e9rationnelle sur les Maladies Infectieuses \u00e0 Potentiel \u00c9pid\u00e9mique et Mena\u00e7ant en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bordeaux]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12186","article-title":"The International Health Regulations: The Governing Framework for Global Health Security","volume":"94","author":"Gostin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1807691","article-title":"Outbreaks in a Rapidly Changing Central Africa\u2014Lessons from Ebola","volume":"379","author":"Munster","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2311.171206","article-title":"The Politics of Fear: M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res and the West African Ebola Epidemic","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/1\/28\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:25:45Z","timestamp":1766575545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/1\/28"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v18010028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18010028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]}}}