{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T06:34:01Z","timestamp":1766990041052,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV into a chronic manageable condition, yet metabolic toxicities including pancreatic enzyme alterations remain concerns. While older ART regimens have been associated with hyperamylasemia, the impact of integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based therapies on serum amylase levels has not been specifically examined. Purpose: This study aimed to compare longitudinal patterns of serum amylase levels between people living with HIV receiving INSTI-based versus NNRTI\/PI-based ART regimens. Methods: This retrospective observational study analyzed 99 HIV-positive patients at Kaplan Medical Centre, Israel (2002\u20132023). Participants received either INSTI-based (n = 49) or NNRTI\/PI-based (n = 50) regimens for \u226524 months. Serum amylase, viral load, CD4 counts, and metabolic parameters were measured at baseline, one year, and two years. Repeated-measures ANOVA assessed longitudinal changes. Results: NNRTI\/PI-treated patients maintained significantly higher mean amylase levels throughout follow-up (baseline: 122.9 \u00b1 42.1 U\/L; two years: 129.6 \u00b1 38.0 U\/L) compared to INSTI-treated patients (baseline: 78.7 \u00b1 32.3 U\/L; two years: 68.4 \u00b1 23.4 U\/L; p &lt; 0.0001 at all timepoints). A significant linear time-by-group interaction (p = 0.037) demonstrated divergent trajectories. No clinical pancreatitis was observed in either treatment group during the follow-up period, and all observed variations in serum amylase were biochemical and asymptomatic. While these findings are reassuring regarding acute pancreatic toxicity, the clinical significance of chronic subclinical enzyme elevations remains uncertain. Conclusion: INSTI-based antiretroviral regimens suggest a favorable pancreatic and metabolic safety profile compared with NNRTI\/PI-based therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T06:25:51Z","timestamp":1766989551000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in Serum Amylase Levels in People Living with HIV: A Comparison Between INSTI and NNRTI\/PI-Based Regimens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Rabinovich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5615-4066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine B, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shay","family":"Nemet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2336-3125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitham Abu","family":"Khadija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shira","family":"Bezalel-Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilan","family":"Asher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8325-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keren","family":"Mahlab-Guri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9056-236X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Elbirt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2025, June 17). 2024 Global AIDS Report\u2014The Urgency of now: AIDS at a Crossroads. 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