{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:14:44Z","timestamp":1792790084216,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":312,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAS-ANSO Fellowship","award":["CAS-ANSO-FS-2024-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAS-ANSO-FS-2024-34"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hebei Provincial Science and Technology Projects","award":["24291703Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24291703Z"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects","award":["GCC (2023) 046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCC (2023) 046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to pose major threats to public health. Their ability to adapt, cross species barriers, and spread rapidly can trigger severe outbreaks or even pandemics. Strengthening preparedness with comprehensive and efficient strategies is therefore essential. Here, we explore the key components of viral outbreak preparedness, including surveillance systems, diagnostic capacity, prevention and control measures, non-pharmaceutical interventions, antiviral therapeutics, and research and development. We emphasize the increasing importance of genomic surveillance, wastewater-based surveillance, real-time data sharing, and the One Health approach to better anticipate zoonotic spillovers. Current challenges and future directions are also discussed. Effective preparedness requires transparent risk communication and equitable access to diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted both the promise of next-generation vaccine platforms and the necessity of maintaining diagnostic capacity, as early testing delays hindered containment efforts. Countries adopted various non-pharmaceutical interventions: risk communication and social distancing proved to be the most effective, while combined workplace infection-prevention measures outperformed single strategies. These experiences highlight the importance of early detection, rapid response, and multisectoral collaboration in mitigating the impact of viral outbreaks. By applying best practices and lessons learned from recent events, global health systems can strengthen resilience and improve readiness for future viral threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1767197280000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Elements of Viral Outbreak Preparedness: Lessons, Strategies, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7163-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim Ahmed","family":"Hamza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1777-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9862-5628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazem","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4326-7875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1143","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Peiris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. 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