{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T19:13:03Z","timestamp":1767640383005,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"QVet Co., Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major cause of economic loss in the swine industry, and highly pathogenic variants such as NADC34-like PRRSV highlight the need for antiviral strategies that complement vaccination. In this field study, we evaluated the efficacy of AlimenWOW, a rottlerin\u2013lipid formulation, in grower\u2013finisher pigs under commercial conditions using AI-based respiratory monitoring. A total of 2000 pigs were assigned to four groups: AlimenWOW G1 (PRRSV-stable source farm), AlimenWOW G2 (PRRSV-unstable source farm), Control 1 (antibiotic), and Control 2 (antipyretic). Respiratory Health Status (ReHS) and a derived Clinical Cough Index (CCI = 100 \u2212 ReHS) were continuously recorded with SoundTalks\u00ae, and oral fluid PRRSV load, serology, clinical outcomes, and productivity were assessed over 4 weeks. AlimenWOW G2 showed a marked improvement in ReHS from severely compromised baseline values to levels comparable with healthy status, while both control groups remained low; CCI was significantly lower in AlimenWOW G2 than in controls from day 14 onward (p \u2264 0.0001). AlimenWOW treatment was associated with reduced PRRSV titers in oral fluid, lower mortality and wasting rates, and improved feed conversion with lower feed costs compared with controls. These findings indicate that AlimenWOW, integrated with AI-based acoustic monitoring, can improve respiratory health and mitigate PRRSV-associated clinical and economic losses, supporting its use as a complementary tool in PRRSV control programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:28:57Z","timestamp":1767626937000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI-Based Respiratory Monitoring-Guided Evaluation of Rottlerin Therapy for PRRS in Grower\u2013Finisher Pig Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1225-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cha Eun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye Lim","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju Yeon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QVet Co., Ltd., SKV1 Center, Seoul 02262, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2407-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangshin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun Young","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In-Soo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4158-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Seon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1074-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joong-Bok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8104-8775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Yong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6940-4271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeong-Lim","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi089","article-title":"The origin and evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses","volume":"22","author":"Hanada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.10.009","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: An update on an emerging and re-emerging viral disease of swine","volume":"154","author":"Lunney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/754","article-title":"Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on United States pork producers","volume":"21","author":"Holtkamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2025.106627","article-title":"Economic impact of productivity losses attributable to PRRSV in the United States, 2016\u20132020","volume":"244","author":"Osemeke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.04.006","article-title":"Cost of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at individual farm level\u2014An economic disease model","volume":"142","author":"Nathues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.-H., Kim, S.-C., Kim, H.-J., Jeong, C.-G., Park, G.-S., Choi, J.-S., and Kim, W.-I. (2022). Insight into the economic effects of a severe Korean PRRSV1 outbreak in a farrow-to-nursery farm. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12213024"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01790-6","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing and genetic characteristics of representative porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates in Korea","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879500700102","article-title":"Diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Mengeling","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589803500101","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Rossow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Fiers, J., Rogiers, C., Saelens, X., and Vandekerckhove, L. (2024). A comprehensive review on PRRSV: Biology, diversity, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and vaccines. Vaccines, 12."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30006-2","article-title":"Immunology of the porcine respiratory disease complex","volume":"17","author":"Thacker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.37-2-143","article-title":"Pathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-induced increase in susceptibility to Streptococcus suis infection","volume":"37","author":"Thanawongnuwech","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4811","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00472-06","article-title":"Optimization of a sampling system for recovery and detection of airborne porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and swine influenza virus","volume":"72","author":"Hermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez, F., Neira, V., Corzo, C.A., and VanderWaal, K. (2023). Environmental drivers of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus transmission in the United States. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1158306"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1006\/jaer.2000.0561","article-title":"Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide release from pig manure in under-floor deep pits","volume":"77","author":"Ni","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2019.12.007","article-title":"Evaluation of short-term exposure levels on ammonia and hydrogen sulfide during manure-handling processes at livestock farms","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"656","article-title":"Environmental and health studies of farm workers in Swedish swine confinement buildings","volume":"45","author":"Donham","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"203","article-title":"Investigations of factors affecting air pollutants in animal house","volume":"4","author":"Gustafsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705387","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1705387","article-title":"Ammonia Exposure Induced Cilia Dysfunction of Nasal Mucosa in Piglets","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700270309","article-title":"Respiratory dysfunction in swine production facility workers: Dose\u2013response relationships of environmental exposures and pulmonary function","volume":"27","author":"Donham","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society (1998). Respiratory Health Hazards in Agriculture. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 158, S1\u2013S76.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.supplement_1.rccm1585s1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman, J.J., Karriker, L.A., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K.J., Stevenson, G.W., and Zhang, J. (2019). Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Diseases of Swine, Wiley-Blackwell. [11th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119350927"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Wang, F., Han, X., Guo, H., Liu, C., Hou, L., Wang, Y., Zheng, H., Wang, L., and Wen, Y. (2022). Recent advances in the study of NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in China. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.950402"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.10.002","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: Evolution and recombination yield distinct ORF5 RFLP 1-7-4 viruses with individual pathogenicity","volume":"513","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14316","article-title":"Emergence and spread of NADC34-like PRRSV in China","volume":"68","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9995433","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9995433","article-title":"First identification and genomic characterization of NADC34-like PRRSV strains isolated from MLV-vaccinated pigs in Korea","volume":"2023","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9015349","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/9015349","article-title":"Comparative Genomic and Biological Investigation of NADC30- and NADC34-Like PRRSV Strains Isolated in South Korea","volume":"2025","author":"Jeong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Miller, L.C., and Sang, Y. (2024). Current Status of Vaccines for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: Interferon Response, Immunological Overview, and Future Prospects. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12060606"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v1.i1.23","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines: Immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety aspects","volume":"1","author":"Charerntantanakul","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.03.007","article-title":"Effect of genotypic and biotypic differences among PRRS viruses on the serologic assessment of pigs for virus infection","volume":"123","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5555","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00189-11","article-title":"Immune evasion of PRRSV through glycan shielding involves GP5 and GP3","volume":"85","author":"Vu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.09.048","article-title":"Commercial vaccines provide limited protection to NADC30-like PRRSV infection","volume":"34","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Ge, X., and Yang, H. (2021). Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Modified Live Virus Vaccine: A \u201cLeaky\u201d Vac-cine with Debatable Efficacy and Safety. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040362"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.191111","article-title":"Recombination between vaccine and field strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Xu, Y., and Feng, W. (2021). Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Immune Escape and Application of Reverse Genetics in Attenuated Live Vaccine Development. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050480"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.06.001","article-title":"Antiviral strategies against PRRSV infection","volume":"25","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paccetti-Alves, I., Batista, M.S.P., Pimp\u00e3o, C., Victor, B.L., and Soveral, G. (2023). Unraveling the Aquaporin-3 Inhibitory Effect of Rottlerin by Experimental and Computational Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24066004"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"117993","article-title":"Pharmacological activities of rottlerin: A comprehensive review","volume":"256","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02253.x","article-title":"Selective inhibition by rottlerin of macropinocytosis in monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"116","author":"Sarkar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2021.105191","article-title":"Inhibition of endocytosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by rottlerin and its potential prophylactic administration in piglets","volume":"195","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Y.L., Choi, J.-C., Lee, J.-B., Park, S.-Y., and Oh, C.-I. (2025). Rottlerin inhibits macropinocytosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus through the PKC\u03b4\u2013cofilin signaling pathway. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324500"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"45","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antiviral effects of rottlerin","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J.C., Jung, S.W., Choi, I.Y., Kang, Y.L., Lee, D.H., Lee, S.W., Park, S.Y., Song, C.S., Choi, I.S., and Lee, J.B. (2023). Rottlerin liposome inhibits the endocytosis of feline coronavirus infection. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10060380"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350826","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/350826","article-title":"Rottlerin and cancer: Novel evidence and mechanisms","volume":"2012","author":"Maioli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashfaq, R., Rasul, A., Asghar, S., Kov\u00e1cs, A., Berk\u00f3, S., and Budai-Sz\u0171cs, M. (2023). Lipid Nanoparticles: An Effective Tool to Im-prove the Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115764"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2017.0102","article-title":"General introduction to precision livestock farming","volume":"7","author":"Berckmans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagua, E.B., Manzanilla, E.G., Vandermeulen, J., Norton, T., and Exadaktylos, V. (2023). Artificial intelligence for automatic monitoring of respiratory health conditions in smart swine farming. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111860"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2025.111181","article-title":"Robustness of CNN-Based Model Assessment for Pig Vocalization Classification across Diverse Acoustic Environments","volume":"240","author":"Pann","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"369","article-title":"Recognition of sick pig cough sounds based on convolutional neural network in field situations","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Agric."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamsakul, P., Yano, T., Junchum, K., Anukool, W., and Kittiwarn, N. (2025). Machine Learning-Based Detection of Pig Coughs and Their Association with Respiratory Diseases in Fattening Pigs. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202506.1843.v1"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eddicks, M., Feicht, F., Beckjunker, J., Genzow, M., Alonso, C., Reese, S., Ritzmann, M., and Stadler, J. (2024). Monitoring of respiratory disease patterns in a multimicrobially infected pig population using artificial intelligence and aggregate samples. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16101575"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2024.e113","article-title":"A review of sound-based pig monitoring for enhanced precision production","volume":"67","author":"Reza","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.2532","article-title":"An intelligent alarm for early detection of swine epidemics based on neural networks","volume":"44","author":"Moshou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrido, L.F.C., Rodrigues, G.S.T., Costa, L.B., Kurtz, D.J., and Daros, R.R. (2025). Validation of a Swine Cough Monitoring System Under Field Conditions. AgriEngineering, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriengineering7050140"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2023.107645","article-title":"An investigation of fusion strategies for boosting pig cough sound recognition","volume":"205","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2025.110755","article-title":"An ensemble of deep learning frameworks applied for pig cough recognition in a complex piggery environment","volume":"237","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Berkland, K.W. (2024). Characterization of Porcine Oral Fluid Specimens and Treatment Options to Improve Their Composition. [M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University]."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.11.035","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) surveillance using pre-weaning oral fluid samples detects circulation of wild-type PRRSV","volume":"168","author":"Kittawornrat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-020-00168-w","article-title":"Guidelines for oral fluid-based surveillance of viral pathogens in swine","volume":"6","author":"Baum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"S728","article-title":"An update on measurement and monitoring of cough","volume":"6","author":"Spinou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantitative Measurement Properties and Score Interpretation of the Cough Severity Diary in Patients with Chronic Cough","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1006\/jaer.1999.0476","article-title":"Factors affecting the Release and Concentration of Dust in Pig Houses","volume":"74","author":"Gustafsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"65","article-title":"Development of an early detection system for respiratory diseases in pigs","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Soft Comput. Hum. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3434","article-title":"Gene-Edited Pigs Are Protected from Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus","volume":"34","author":"Whitworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.-J., You, S.-H., Lee, H.-S., Shin, Y.-K., Cho, Y.S., Park, T.-S., and Kang, S.-J. (2024). Sialoadhesin-dependent susceptibility and replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in CD163-expressing cells. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1477540"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"267","article-title":"Virological and immunological responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in a large population of gilts","volume":"68","author":"Batista","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2012.02.002","article-title":"Pathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"2","author":"Chand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.11.012","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in the respiratory tract of pigs","volume":"195","author":"Salguero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8549-5","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): An immune dysregulatory pandemic","volume":"59","author":"Butler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahe, M.C., Dvorak, C.M.T., Patterson, A., Roof, M., and Murtaugh, M.P. (2020). The PRRSV-Specific Memory B Cell Response Is Long-Lived in Blood and Is Boosted during Live Virus Re-Exposure. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00247"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s12247-023-09732-7","article-title":"Development and Characterization of Soy Lecithin Liposome as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Doxorubicin","volume":"18","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Innov."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, N.T.T., Cao, V.D., Nguyen, T.N.Q., Le, T.T.H., Tran, T.T., and Hoang Thi, T.T. (2019). Soy lecithin\u2013derived liposomal delivery systems: Surface modification and current applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194706"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00176-1","article-title":"Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in experimentally infected swine","volume":"89","author":"Booher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez-Garcia, J., Ballar\u00e0 Rodriguez, I., Jord\u00e0 Casadevall, R., Bruguera, S., Llopart, D., and Barba-Vidal, E. (2025). Practical review on aetio-pathogenesis and symptoms in pigs affected by clinical and subclinical oedema disease and the use of commercial vaccines under field conditions. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152275"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.017","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in finishing pigs: Implications on public health","volume":"264","author":"Cha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01306-06","article-title":"The lysine decarboxylase CadA protects Escherichia coli starved of phosphate against fermentation acids","volume":"189","author":"Moreau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Huang, Z., and Gu, P. (2024). Response of Escherichia coli to acid stress: Mechanisms and applications\u2014A narrative review. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091774"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraft, C., Hennies, R., Dreckmann, K., Noguera, M., Rathkjen, P.H., Gassel, M., and Gereke, M. (2019). Evaluation of PRRSV-specific, maternally derived and induced immune response in Ingelvac PRRSFLEX EU vaccinated piglets in the presence of maternally transferred immunity. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223060"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.08.017","article-title":"Antibody response and maternal immunity upon boosting PRRSV-immune sows with experimental farm-specific and commercial PRRSV vaccines","volume":"167","author":"Geldhof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252311000120","article-title":"Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs","volume":"12","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52512-3.00134-0","article-title":"Swine diseases and disorders","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Robbins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.030","article-title":"Porcine respiratory disease complex: Interaction of vaccination and porcine circovirus type 2, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae","volume":"212","author":"Chae","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. J."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/1\/72\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:31:54Z","timestamp":1767627114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/1\/72"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v18010072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18010072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]}}}