{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:44:17Z","timestamp":1790628257487,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2020, a dairy farm in northwest Germany reported several cows with severe respiratory disease, fever, and reduced milk production. Multiple direct and indirect diagnostic methods were used to identify the cause of the disease. However, the pathogens detected could not be correlated with the severity of the clinical symptoms, so further diagnostic steps were taken. Blood and nasal swab samples were examined using next-generation sequencing (NGS) as part of a metagenomic analysis. For the first time in Germany, Hepacivirus bovis genotype 2 was detected. Real-time RT-PCR assays confirmed the presence of BovHepV genotypes 1 and 2 in the herd between 2020 and 2023. Analyses of complete and partial genome sequences demonstrated the presence of different virus variants in the herd over several years. In addition, the sequence data indicated that cattle can be reinfected with viruses belonging either to different BovHepV subtypes or to the same subtype. Although no direct link could be established between the detection of bovine hepaciviruses and the observed clinical symptoms, the PCR and sequence data obtained provide valuable insights into the epidemiology and pathogenesis of BovHepV infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T08:42:58Z","timestamp":1767688978000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification and Long-Term Detection of Hepacivirus bovis Genotype 1 and 2 on a Cattle Farm in Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"Hake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Gemeinschaftspraxis Zeven\u2013Selsingen, Bremer Stra\u00dfe 40, 27404 Zeven, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"von Holtum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Gemeinschaftspraxis Zeven\u2013Selsingen, Bremer Stra\u00dfe 40, 27404 Zeven, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8408-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"H\u00f6per","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, S\u00fcdufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7373-2243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ard M.","family":"Nijhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Robert-von Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Robert-von Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6138-6707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaas","family":"Dietze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, S\u00fcdufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5358-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, S\u00fcdufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101794108","article-title":"Characterization of a canine homolog of hepatitis C virus","volume":"108","author":"Kapoor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. 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