{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T09:39:55Z","timestamp":1768037995291,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82472282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82472282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20250484981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250484981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to present a threat to public health, highlighting the need for safe and multi-target antivirals. In this study, anti-influenza activity, airborne transmission blocking capacity, and immunomodulatory effects of Cnidium monnieri polysaccharides (CMP) were evaluated. Cytotoxicity in A549 cells was assessed by CCK-8 (CC50 = 8.49 mg\/mL), antiviral efficacy against A\/California\/04\/2009 (CA04) by dose\u2013response (EC50 = 1.63 mg\/mL), and the stage of action by time-of-addition assays (pre-, co-, post-treatment). A guinea pig model infected with CA04 was used for testing the effect of pre-exposure CMP on transmission, with readouts including nasal-wash titers, seroconversion, lung index, and tissue titers (EID50). RT-qPCR was employed to quantify the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6, in lung tissue, while Western blot analysis was performed to assess the expression and phosphorylation status of key proteins involved in the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. CMP suppressed viral replication in vitro within non-cytotoxic ranges, and pre-treatment\u2014rather than co- or post-treatment\u2014significantly reduced titers and cytopathic effect, consistent with effects at pre-entry steps and\/or host priming. In vivo, pre-exposure CMP lowered nasal shedding, reduced aerosol transmission (3\/6 seroconverted vs. 6\/6 controls), decreased lung indices, and diminished tissue viral loads; IAV was undetectable in trachea at 7 days post-infection in pre-exposed animals, and nasal-turbinate titers declined relative to infection controls. Moreover, during in vivo treatment in mice, CMP significantly suppressed the levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6) in lung tissue. This effect was mechanistically associated with CMP-mediated regulation of the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway, leading to attenuation of inflammatory responses. These data indicate that CMP combines a favorable in vitro safety and efficacy profile with inhibition of airborne spread in vivo, supporting further mechanistic, pharmacokinetic, and fractionation studies toward translational development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:11:21Z","timestamp":1767870681000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cnidium monnieri Polysaccharides Exhibit Inhibitory Effect on Airborne Transmission of Influenza A Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Heng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"},{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanrui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengxi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zitong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4006-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8982-2806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military 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