{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:05:21Z","timestamp":1784840721186,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Belgian Directorate-General for Development Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid"},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (\u201cFonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek\u2013Vlaanderen\u201d","award":["G069725N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G069725N"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (\u201cFonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek\u2013Vlaanderen\u201d","award":["G096222N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G096222N"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Structurele Onderzoeksfinanciering"},{"name":"Africa CDC","award":["INV-018278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-018278"]}]},{"name":"Global Health European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership 3 (EDCTP3) Joint Undertaking","award":["101195465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101195465"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Defense Threat Reduction Agency"},{"name":"US Department for Agriculture Research Service","award":["HDTRA1-21-1-0040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-21-1-0040"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"International Mpox Research Consortium","award":["MRR-184813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRR-184813"]}]},{"name":"US NIAID\/NIH","award":["U01AI151799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI151799"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011061","name":"Agence Fran\u00e7aise de D\u00e9veloppement","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CZZ3209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZZ3209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"US Department of Defense Threat Reduction Agency","award":["HDTRA1-21-1-0040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-21-1-0040"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["206298\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206298\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["313694\/Z\/24\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313694\/Z\/24\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101092049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101092049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clade I mpox virus (MPXV) is endemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Recent studies have described the changing epidemiology of mpox in the country, which has been mainly characterized by the emergence of new MPXV lineages, Clade Ib\/sh2023 and Ia\/sh2024, associated with sustained human-to-human transmission. Both Clade Ib\/sh2023 and Ia\/sh2024 are co-circulating in Kinshasa, the capital city of the DRC. Here, we report the first two cases of Clade IIb\/sh2017 identified in Kinshasa, DRC, imported from West Africa and locally transmitted. Clinical specimens were collected and tested by PCR. We performed whole genome sequencing using a tiled-amplicon sequencing approach with Clade IIb MPXV-specific primers. The phylogenetic tree shows that Kinshasa Clade IIb MPXV is assigned to Clade IIb\/sh2017 within the newly designated lineage G.1, as identified in January 2025 in Sierra-Leone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:11:21Z","timestamp":1767870681000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mpox Clade IIb Virus Introduction into Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, July 2025"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6659-0267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Wawina-Bokalanga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Service de Microbiologie, D\u00e9partement de Biologie M\u00e9dicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Universit\u00e9 de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9795-0165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eddy","family":"Kinganda-Lusamaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Service de Microbiologie, D\u00e9partement de Biologie M\u00e9dicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Universit\u00e9 de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"TransVIHMI, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 et de Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Ngandu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique (INSP), Kinshasa P.O. Box 3088, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince","family":"Akil-Bandali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Kundey-Mafu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence de Kinkole, Kinshasa P.O. Box 243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2859-7238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadege","family":"Ngombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique (INSP), Kinshasa P.O. Box 3088, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurens","family":"Liesenborghs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Princesse","family":"Paku-Tshambu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5147-575X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Subissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline-Chlo\u00e9","family":"Muswamba-Kayembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samy","family":"Tessi-Mvutukulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence de Kinkole, Kinshasa P.O. Box 243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Santini-Mafuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence de Kinkole, Kinshasa P.O. Box 243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0406-2361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gradi","family":"Luakanda-Ndelemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9942-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Ntumba-Tshitenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Country Office, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1899, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6304-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mory","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Cinkobu-Bualukengu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence de Kinkole, Kinshasa P.O. Box 243, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Lokilo-Lofiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiston","family":"Cikaya-Kankolongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sikoti","family":"Josaphat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique (INSP), Kinshasa P.O. Box 3088, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cris","family":"Kacita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique (INSP), Kinshasa P.O. Box 3088, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelar","family":"Lofungola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique (INSP), Kinshasa P.O. Box 3088, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Tete-Sitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Lumembe-Numbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elzedek","family":"Mabika-Bope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5516-0779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienne","family":"Amuri-Aziza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-6891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daan","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1791-2247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Makangara-Cigolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Service de Microbiologie, D\u00e9partement de Biologie M\u00e9dicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Universit\u00e9 de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanine","family":"Nkakulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 3243, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yap","family":"Boum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 3243, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngashi","family":"Ngongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 3243, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofonias","family":"Tessema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 3243, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Loman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ine","family":"O\u2019Toole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne W.","family":"Rimoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Akilimali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique (INSP), Kinshasa P.O. Box 3088, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 11850, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1770-6304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole A.","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3305-7084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Kindrachuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Ahuka-Mundeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Service de Microbiologie, D\u00e9partement de Biologie M\u00e9dicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Universit\u00e9 de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TransVIHMI, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 et de Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieudonn\u00e9","family":"Mwamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique (INSP), Kinshasa P.O. Box 3088, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Vercauteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Rambaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Muyembe-Tamfum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Service de Microbiologie, D\u00e9partement de Biologie M\u00e9dicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Universit\u00e9 de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Placide","family":"Mbala-Kingebeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Service de Microbiologie, D\u00e9partement de Biologie M\u00e9dicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Universit\u00e9 de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7530, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, September 20). Monkeypox: Experts Give Virus Variants New Names. 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