{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:43:38Z","timestamp":1790127818022,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20260205031GH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20260205031GH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Science and Technology Cooperation and Exchange Project","award":["202204041101019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202204041101019"]}]},{"name":"Macedonian- Chinese Scientific and Technological Cooperation project","award":["6-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6-19"]}]},{"name":"Macedonian- Chinese Scientific and Technological Cooperation project","award":["20-6337\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-6337\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza D virus (IDV), an emerging orthomyxovirus with zoonotic potential, infects diverse hosts, causes respiratory disease, and remains poorly characterized in China despite its global expansion. From October 2023 to January 2025, we collected 563 nasal swabs from cattle across 28 farms in Jilin Province, Northeast China, and identified seven IDV-positive samples (1.2%), recovering two viable isolates (JL\/YB2024 and JL\/CC2024). Full-genome sequencing revealed complete, stable seven-segment genomes with high nucleotide identity (up to 99.9%) to contemporary Chinese D\/Yamagata\/2019 strains and no evidence of reassortment. Maximum-likelihood and time-resolved Bayesian phylogenies of 231 global hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) sequences placed the Jilin isolates within the East Asian D\/Yamagata\/2019 clade and traced their most recent common ancestor to approximately 2017 (95% highest posterior density: 2016\u20132018), suggesting a cross-border introduction likely associated with regional cattle movement. No IDV was detected in parallel surveillance of swine, underscoring cattle as the principal reservoir and amplifying host. Bayesian skyline analysis demonstrated a marked decline in global IDV genetic diversity during 2020\u20132022, coinciding with livestock-movement restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Collectively, these findings indicate that IDV circulation in China is sporadic and geographically localized, dominated by the D\/Yamagata\/2019 lineage, and shaped by multiple independent incursions rather than a single emergence. Both the incorporation of IDV diagnostics into routine bovine respiratory disease surveillance and cattle-import quarantine programs, and the adoption of a One Health framework to monitor potential human spillover and future viral evolution, were recommend.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T11:45:33Z","timestamp":1767959133000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Emergence and Phylodynamics of Influenza D Virus in Northeast China Reveal Sporadic Detection and Predominance of the D\/Yamagata\/2019 Lineage in Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hongjin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"},{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahuizi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qixun","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Che","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyuan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2790-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Stoeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4951-7719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Wajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2416-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Dodovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5039-0674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Inge","family":"Lusida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research Center on Global Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0435-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claro N.","family":"Mingala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Biotechnology Center, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Mu\u00f1oz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1681-5795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry B.","family":"Andreychuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference Laboratory for Avian Viral Diseases, FGBI \u201cFederal Centre for Animal Health\u201d (FGBI \u201cARRIAH\u201d), Vladimir 600901, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7431-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renfu","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hause, B.M., Ducatez, M., Collin, E.A., Ran, Z., Liu, R., Sheng, Z., Armien, A., Kaplan, B., Chakravarty, S., and Hoppe, A.D. (2013). Isolation of a novel swine influenza virus from Oklahoma in 2011 which is distantly related to human influenza C viruses. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003176"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001529","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001529","article-title":"The first decade of research advances in influenza D virus","volume":"102","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwasnik, M., Rola, J., and Rozek, W. (2023). Influenza D in Domestic and Wild Animals. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122433"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-019-0150-8","article-title":"Seroprevalence of influenza D virus in selected sample groups of Irish cattle, sheep and pigs","volume":"72","author":"Donohoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliva, J., Eichenbaum, A., Belin, J., Gaudino, M., Guillotin, J., Alzieu, J.P., Nicollet, P., Brugidou, R., Gueneau, E., and Michel, E. (2019). Serological Evidence of Influenza D Virus Circulation Among Cattle and Small Ruminants in France. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060516"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holwerda, M., Kelly, J., Laloli, L., Sturmer, I., Portmann, J., Stalder, H., and Dijkman, R. (2019). Determining the Replication Kinetics and Cellular Tropism of Influenza D Virus on Primary Well-Differentiated Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040377"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.05.017","article-title":"Serologic evidence of exposure to influenza D virus among persons with occupational contact with cattle","volume":"81","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trombetta, C.M., Marchi, S., Manini, I., Kistner, O., Li, F., Piu, P., Manenti, A., Biuso, F., Sreenivasan, C., and Druce, J. (2019). Influenza D Virus: Serological Evidence in the Italian Population from 2005 to 2017. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010030"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11990","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01630-15","article-title":"Replication and Transmission of the Novel Bovine Influenza D Virus in a Guinea Pig Model","volume":"89","author":"Sreenivasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katayama, M., Murakami, S., Ishida, H., Matsugo, H., Sekine, W., Ohira, K., Takenaka-Uema, A., and Horimoto, T. (2024). Antigenic commonality and divergence of hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion protein among influenza D virus lineages revealed using epitope mapping. J. Virol., 98.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01908-23"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02718-14","article-title":"Cocirculation of two distinct genetic and antigenic lineages of proposed influenza D virus in cattle","volume":"89","author":"Collin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2601.191092","article-title":"Influenza D Virus of New Phylogenetic Lineage, Japan","volume":"26","author":"Murakami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1910078","article-title":"Emergence of new phylogenetic lineage of Influenza D virus with broad antigenicity in California, United States","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horimoto, T., Hiono, T., Mekata, H., Odagiri, T., Lei, Z., Kobayashi, T., Norimine, J., Inoshima, Y., Hikono, H., and Murakami, K. (2016). Nationwide Distribution of Bovine Influenza D Virus Infection in Japan. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163828"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109298","article-title":"Influenza D binding properties vary amongst the two major virus clades and wildlife species","volume":"264","author":"Nemanichvili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Dean, A.G., Sullivan, K.M., and Soe, M.M. (2025, November 09). OpenEpi: Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health, Version. Available online: https:\/\/www.OpenEpi.com."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.226316.117","article-title":"Comprehensive viral enrichment enables sensitive respiratory virus genomic identification and analysis by next generation sequencing","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2023.114677","article-title":"Evaluation of extraction and enrichment methods for recovery of respiratory RNA viruses in a metagenomics approach","volume":"314","author":"Ogunbayo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105882","article-title":"Evaluation of a diagnostic metagenomic sequencing assay: Virus detection sensitivity and background nucleic acids in three different sample materials","volume":"181","author":"Ekman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144105","article-title":"Evaluation of viral concentration methods for SARS-CoV-2 recovery from wastewaters","volume":"756","author":"Barril","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sreenivasan, C.C., Uprety, T., Reedy, S.E., Temeeyasen, G., Hause, B.M., Wang, D., Li, F., and Chambers, T.M. (2022). Experimental Infection of Horses with Influenza D Virus. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040661"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343907","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2343907","article-title":"Influenza D virus infection in China, 2022\u20132023","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436","article-title":"MAFFT: A novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285","article-title":"ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates","volume":"14","author":"Kalyaanamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13096","article-title":"PhyloSuite: An integrated and scalable desktop platform for streamlined molecular sequence data management and evolutionary phylogenetics studies","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond, A.J., and Rambaut, A. (2007). BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-7-214"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond, A.J., Ho, S.Y., Phillips, M.J., and Rambaut, A. (2006). Relaxed phylogenetics and dating with confidence. PLoS Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040088"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vey016","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vey016","article-title":"Bayesian phylogenetic and phylodynamic data integration using BEAST 1.10","volume":"4","author":"Suchard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, H., Li, X., Li, M., Lv, X., Yu, W., Li, Y., Sun, J., Li, Y., Sun, H., and Tian, J. (2022). Emergence, Evolution, and Pathogenicity of Influenza A(H7N4) Virus in Shorebirds in China. J. Virol., 96.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01717-21"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss084","article-title":"Improving the accuracy of demographic and molecular clock model comparison while accommodating phylogenetic uncertainty","volume":"29","author":"Baele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy032","article-title":"Posterior Summarization in Bayesian Phylogenetics Using Tracer 1.7","volume":"67","author":"Rambaut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw082","article-title":"SpreaD3: Interactive Visualization of Spatiotemporal History and Trait Evolutionary Processes","volume":"33","author":"Bielejec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101023","article-title":"Assessing the impact of biosecurity compliance on farmworker and livestock health within a one health modeling framework","volume":"20","author":"Arjmand","year":"2025","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2308.170059","article-title":"Influenza D Virus in Animal Species in Guangdong Province, Southern China","volume":"23","author":"Zhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12812","article-title":"No influenza D virus detected among pigs, northern Vietnam","volume":"15","author":"Farrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umar, S., Ma, M.J., and Gray, G.C. (2023). Influenza D virus was not detected among prospectively studied swine farm in multiple provinces of China. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13223"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3008.240089","article-title":"Characterization of Influenza D Virus Reassortant Strain in Swine from Mixed Pig and Beef Farm, France","volume":"30","author":"Gorin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2020.08.004","article-title":"Influenza D virus","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06954-4","article-title":"Rapid evolution leads to extensive genetic diversification of cattle flu Influenza D virus","volume":"7","author":"Limaye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jallow, M.M., Barry, M.A., Fall, A., Ndiaye, N.K., Kiori, D., Sy, S., Goudiaby, D., Niang, M.N., Fall, G., and Fall, M. (2023). Influenza A Virus in Pigs in Senegal and Risk Assessment of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) Emergence and Transmission to Human. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081961"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinoza, B., Castillo-Chavez, C., and Perrings, C. (2020). Mobility restrictions for the control of epidemics: When do they work?. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235731"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1365216","article-title":"Novel Influenza D virus: Epidemiology, pathology, evolution and biological characteristics","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9009051","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9009051","article-title":"Pathogenesis, Transmission, and Within-Host Evolution of Bovine-Origin Influenza D Virus in Pigs","volume":"2024","author":"Gorin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H., Qi, J., Khedri, Z., Diaz, S., Yu, H., Chen, X., Varki, A., Shi, Y., and Gao, G.F. (2016). An Open Receptor-Binding Cavity of Hemagglutinin-Esterase-Fusion Glycoprotein from Newly-Identified Influenza D Virus: Basis for Its Broad Cell Tropism. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005505"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564308","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2564308","article-title":"Efficient airborne transmission of influenza D virus in ferret models and serological evidence of human exposure in Northeast China","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27466","article-title":"Detection of antibodies against influenza D virus in swine veterinarians in Italy in 2004","volume":"94","author":"Trombetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borkenhagen, L.K., Mallinson, K.A., Tsao, R.W., Ha, S.J., Lim, W.H., Toh, T.H., Anderson, B.D., Fieldhouse, J.K., Philo, S.E., and Chong, K.S. (2018). Surveillance for respiratory and diarrheal pathogens at the human-pig interface in Sarawak, Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201295"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/1\/93\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T05:20:02Z","timestamp":1768108802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/1\/93"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v18010093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18010093","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]}}}