{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:27:58Z","timestamp":1791829678159,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza-associated encephalitis\/encephalopathy (IAE) is a severe neurological complication characterized by central nervous system dysfunction and structural damage following influenza virus infection. Predominantly affecting infants and young children, IAE exhibits its highest incidence in those under five years of age. Key clinical manifestations of IAE include acute seizures, sudden high fever, and impaired consciousness, frequently progressing to coma. Neuroimaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), often reveals multifocal brain lesions involving multiple brain regions, including the cerebellum, brainstem, and corpus callosum. The prognosis of IAE is poor, with a mortality rate reaching 30%. Current diagnosis relies heavily on clinical presentation and characteristic neuroimaging findings, as the precise pathogenesis of IAE remains elusive. While various research models, including cell lines, brain organoids, and animal models, have been developed to recapitulate IAE features, significant limitations persist in modeling the core clinical pathophysiology observed in pediatric patients, necessitating further model refinement. This review synthesizes the clinical spectrum of IAE, summarizes progress in understanding its pathogenesis, and critically evaluates existing research models. We aim to provide a foundation for utilizing experimental approaches to elucidate IAE mechanisms and identify potential therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T16:03:16Z","timestamp":1767974596000},"page":"95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pathogenesis and Research Models of Acute Influenza-Associated Encephalitis\/Encephalopathy: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jintian","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China"},{"name":"Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200127, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1434-2055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223057","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2223057","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of influenza","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33726-7","article-title":"Spatial timing of circulating seasonal influenza A and B viruses in China from 2014 to 2018","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. 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