{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T12:31:19Z","timestamp":1768221079421,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2307900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2307900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32370994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32370994"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L222074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L222074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The limited ability of the immune system to infiltrate solid tumors, attributed to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), remains a significant challenge in cancer therapy oncolytic adenovirus (OAd) that can directly kill tumor cells in addition to inducing both innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, the use of OAd to treat tumors is an appealing approach. In this study, we engineered an OAd armed with a human granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), controlled by the E2F promoter, Ad5\/3-E2F-d24-GM-CSF (named OAd-Z1). The antitumor activity of OAd was tested in vitro and in vivo. These findings demonstrated that OAd expressed GM-CSF, replicated effectively in tumor cells, inhibited tumor growth, activated the de novo antitumor response, promoted apoptosis and immunogenic cell death in tumor cells, and increased cytokine and chemokine production both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, OAd demonstrated an abscopal effect and stimulated T lymphocyte infiltration in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that OAd-Z1 represents promising immunotherapeutic candidates for lung cancer, with the potential to enhance systemic antitumor immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T09:13:01Z","timestamp":1768209181000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GM-CSF Armed Oncolytic Adenovirus Enhances T-Cell Infiltration and Suppresses Local and Distal Tumor Growth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9194-944X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua-Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7053-5492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing-Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ri-Gan","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4171-4330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Sen","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Lei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2988-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie-Mei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7239-9175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan-Peng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6096-8157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Hui","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6592-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Sheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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