{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:21:29Z","timestamp":1788448889227,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":262,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007553","name":"Aidsfonds and Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KICH2.V4P.AF23.001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KICH2.V4P.AF23.001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) continues to be a major global health burden. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) effectively abrogates HIV-1 replication and has transformed HIV-1 infection from a fatal to chronic disease. While ART can suppress viremia to undetectable levels in people living with HIV-1 (PWH), a small reservoir of cells infected with replication-competent HIV-1 persists and can lead to viral rebound upon ART interruption. This persistent HIV-1 reservoir can be quantified and characterized by measuring replication of infectious HIV-1 using a quantitative viral outgrowth assay (qVOA), or by measuring HIV-1 DNA, RNA, or protein levels as a proxy for the reservoir. Tools to quantify the reservoir in these distinct molecular compartments have been developed for HIV-1 subtype B, which is predominant in the Global North. However, non-B subtypes constitute the majority of HIV-1 infections worldwide. Here, we discuss the wide range of reservoir quantitation and characterization tools, explore their limitations, and, where applicable, their adaptations to non-B subtypes. We conclude that standardized tools should be used to characterize reservoir dynamics of HIV-1 B and non-B subtypes. These tests should be well-validated and accessible to all laboratories world-wide to be able to draw conclusions about subtype-specific reservoir dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T11:01:14Z","timestamp":1768388474000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tools to Quantify and Characterize the Persistent Reservoir in People with HIV-1: Focus on Non-B Subtypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zora","family":"Sinay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annefien","family":"Tiggeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4600-2303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert-Jan","family":"Palstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tokameh","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025). 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