{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T13:22:08Z","timestamp":1784294528357,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI128803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI128803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sexual violence against women is a global issue with profound health consequences, including elevated HIV risk due to genital tract inflammation and injury. However, limited research has examined the influence of mental health on HIV-related immunity after violence. We analyzed longitudinal data from female survivors of past-month rape (N = 25) to explore associations between mental health (perceived stress, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], and resilience) and HIV-associated immune biomarkers in the female genital tract. In bivariate analyses, mental health improved over the three-month follow-up period. Immune biomarker levels remained largely stable, except for TNF-\u03b1 and SLPI. At baseline, depression was significantly correlated with TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-1\u03b2. In regression analyses, depression was associated with TNF-\u03b1 (\u03b2 = \u22120.133 to \u22120.152) and IL-6 (\u03b2 = \u22120.171 to \u22120.207). PTSD was significantly associated with IL-1\u03b1 (\u03b2 = 0.576 to 1.681). Depression and resilience were negatively associated with percent HIV inhibition in adjusted models. These findings suggest that depression and PTSD are associated with genital tract inflammation following sexual violence, which may compromise mucosal immunity and enhance HIV risk. This highlights the importance of integrated mental health and immunological care for survivors and the need for further research into psychoneuroimmune pathways influencing HIV risk after trauma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:08:21Z","timestamp":1768550901000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mental Health, Mucosal Immunity, and HIV Susceptibility Following Sexual Violence: Evidence from the THRIVE Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9675-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Capozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8564-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Meyers-Pantele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5614-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maile Y.","family":"Karris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Cabezas Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melodie A.","family":"Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0029-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mimi","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1909-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamila K.","family":"Stockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02664-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018","volume":"399","author":"Sardinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62243-6","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of non-partner sexual violence: A systematic review","volume":"383","author":"Abrahams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018801330","article-title":"The effectiveness of male-targeted sexual assault prevention programs: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abus."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Np12504","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519900335","article-title":"Chronic Diseases, Health Conditions, and Other Impacts Associated with Rape Victimization of U.S. Women","volume":"36","author":"Basile","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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