{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:50:44Z","timestamp":1790887844989,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005972","name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["70115068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70115068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005972","name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["70115119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70115119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["536819681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["536819681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008672","name":"Willhelm Sander-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024.127.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.127.1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008672","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oncolytic coxsackievirus B3 (oCVB3) strain PD-H has shown potent oncolytic efficacy and a remarkable safety profile in the treatment of colorectal cancer in vivo after intratumoral (i.t.) injection. In this study, we investigated the safety and efficiency of PD-H following intravenous (i.v.) virus administration. When injected i.v. into Balb\/C mice bearing subcutaneous Colon-26 tumors, PD-H led to slightly reduced tumor progression and a significant increase in animal survival, but it also caused multi-organ infection and tissue damage. To improve the safety profile of PD-H, we inserted microRNA target sites (miR-TS) of the heart-specific miR-1, pancreas-specific miR-375, liver-specific miR-122, and brain-specific miR-124 or the tumor-suppressor miR-145 into the genome of PD-H and generated the viruses PD-622TS and PD-145TS. Both viruses replicated similarly and induced cytotoxicity comparable to that of PD-H in the colorectal carcinoma cell lines Colon-26 and CT-26Luc. Their replication was inhibited in HEK293T cells transiently transfected with the cognate microRNAs. In vivo, i.v. administration of PD-145TS and PD-622TS to healthy Balb\/C mouse resulted in significantly lower viral titers in the organs of mice and led to significantly less-intense pathological alterations compared to PD-H. PD-622TS injected i.v. into Balb\/C mice with CT-26Luc-induced peritoneal carcinomatosis did not induce off-target alterations in normal organs, but it failed to induce a therapeutic effect. These data indicate that PD-H or microRNA-regulated PD derivatives exhibit only limited therapeutic efficacy following i.v. injection in colorectal tumor-bearing mice. However, the newly engineered microRNA-regulated PD-H variants demonstrate improved safety profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:41:34Z","timestamp":1769164894000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Improved Safety of New MicroRNA-Regulated Oncolytic Coxsackievirus B3 Observed After Intravenous Administration in Colorectal-Tumor-Bearing Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7361-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie","family":"Elsner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Hinze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8552-2005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Hazini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisanne","family":"Heimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5089-8052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Geisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babette","family":"Dieringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-2498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Klingel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7581-7870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie Van","family":"Linthout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), F\u00f6hrer Str. 15, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin\u2013Charit\u00e9, Oudenarder Stra\u00dfe 16, 13316 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1469-0052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Kurreck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6308-0568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Klopfleisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7082-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Fechner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johdi, N.A., and Sukor, N.F. (2020). Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy: Options and Strategies. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01624"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Robert-Koch-Institut (2013). Krebs in Deutschland 2009\/2010. Gesundheitsberichterstattung Des Bundes, 36."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenocchio, E., Colombi, F., Calella, M.G., Filippi, R., Depetris, I., Chil\u00e0, G., Lombardi, P., Marino, D., Cagnazzo, C., and Ferraris, R. (2019). Improvement of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patient Survival: Single Institution Experience. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11030369"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24760","article-title":"Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975\u20132006, Featuring Colorectal Cancer Trends and Impact of Interventions (Risk Factors, Screening, and Treatment) to Reduce Future Rates","volume":"116","author":"Edwards","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcellinaro, R., Spoletini, D., Grieco, M., Avella, P., Cappuccio, M., Troiano, R., Lisi, G., Garbarino, G.M., and Carlini, M. (2023). Colorectal Cancer: Current Updates and Future Perspectives. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.1321.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girod, M., Geisler, A., Hinze, L., Elsner, L., Dieringer, B., Beling, A., Kurreck, J., and Fechner, H. (2024). Combination of FOLFOXIRI Drugs with Oncolytic Coxsackie B3 Virus PD-H Synergistically Induces Oncolysis in the Refractory Colorectal Cancer Cell Line Colo320. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115618"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2023.01.003","article-title":"Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutics","volume":"44","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4663","article-title":"Oncolytic Viruses: A New Class of Immunotherapy Drugs","volume":"14","author":"Kaufman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palanivelu, L., Liu, C.-H., and Lin, L.-T. (2023). Immunogenic Cell Death: The Cornerstone of Oncolytic Viro-Immunotherapy. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1038226"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629653","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.5","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B3 Replication and Pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Garmaroudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000149376","article-title":"Portraits of Viruses: The Picornaviruses","volume":"20","author":"Melnick","year":"1983","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2018.036","article-title":"Heparan Sulfate Binding Coxsackievirus B3 Strain PD: A Novel Avirulent Oncolytic Agent Against Human Colorectal Carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Hazini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2019.07.003","article-title":"Coxsackievirus Type B3 Is a Potent Oncolytic Virus against KRAS-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"977","article-title":"Oncolytic Coxsackievirus Therapy as an Immunostimulator","volume":"58","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rinsho Ketsueki"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-0975-x","article-title":"Oncolytic Activity of a Coxsackievirus B3 Strain in Human Endometrial Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hazini, A., Dieringer, B., Klingel, K., Pryshliak, M., Geisler, A., Kobelt, D., Daberkow, O., Kurreck, J., van Linthout, S., and Fechner, H. (2021). Application Route and Immune Status of the Host Determine Safety and Oncolytic Activity of Oncolytic Coxsackievirus B3 Variant PD-H. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101918"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geisler, A., Dieringer, B., Elsner, L., Klopfleisch, R., Kurreck, J., and Fechner, H. (2024). Oncolytic Coxsackievirus B3 Strain PD-H Is Effective Against a Broad Spectrum of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines and Induces a Growth Delay in Pancreatic KPC Cell Tumors In Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011224"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.215849","article-title":"A New miRNA-Modified Coxsackievirus B3 Inhibits Triple Negative Breast Cancer Growth with Improved Safety Profile in Immunocompetent Mice","volume":"548","author":"Bahreyni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz259","article-title":"Development of a New Mouse Model for Coxsackievirus-Induced Myocarditis by Attenuating Coxsackievirus B3 Virulence in the Pancreas","volume":"116","author":"Pinkert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2020.228","article-title":"miR-375- and miR-1-Regulated Coxsackievirus B3 Has No Pancreas and Heart Toxicity But Strong Antitumor Efficiency in Colorectal Carcinomas","volume":"32","author":"Hazini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2019.01.003","article-title":"Extremely Low Organ Toxicity and Strong Antitumor Activity of miR-34-Regulated Oncolytic Coxsackievirus B3","volume":"12","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2020.01.002","article-title":"MicroRNA Modification of Coxsackievirus B3 Decreases Its Toxicity, While Retaining Oncolytic Potency against Lung Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2022.10.003","article-title":"Enhanced Genomic Stability of New miRNA-Regulated Oncolytic Coxsackievirus B3","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14753","article-title":"Development of New Oncolytic Virotherapy Targeting Breast Cancer Using Coxsackievirus B3","volume":"41","author":"Sagara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5304.1320","article-title":"Isolation of a Common Receptor for Coxsackie B Viruses and Adenoviruses 2 and 5","volume":"275","author":"Bergelson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.7.3352","article-title":"HCAR and MCAR: The Human and Mouse Cellular Receptors for Subgroup C Adenoviruses and Group B Coxsackieviruses","volume":"94","author":"Tomko","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.276","article-title":"Application of Mutated miR-206 Target Sites Enables Skeletal Muscle-Specific Silencing of Transgene Expression of Cardiotropic AAV9 Vectors","volume":"21","author":"Geisler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91837-4","article-title":"Detection of Coxsackie-B-Virus-Specific RNA Sequences in Myocardial Biopsy Samples from Patients with Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"1","author":"Bowles","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26131","article-title":"Distribution of Species Enterovirus B in Patients with Central Nervous System Infections in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"92","author":"Vieira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00403323","article-title":"A Search for the Presence of the Enteroviral Capsid Protein VP1 in Pancreases of Patients with Type 1 (Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes and Pancreases and Hearts of Infants Who Died of Coxsackieviral Myocarditis","volume":"33","author":"Foulis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196601272740405","article-title":"Hepatitis Associated with Myocarditis","volume":"274","author":"Sun","year":"1966","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2014.130","article-title":"miR-339-5p Regulates the P53 Tumor-Suppressor Pathway by Targeting MDM2","volume":"34","author":"Jansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-017-0445-8","article-title":"Integrated Analysis Identifies microRNA-195 as a Suppressor of Hippo-YAP Pathway in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2023.154792","article-title":"MicroRNA-143 as a Potential Tumor Suppressor in Cancer: An Insight into Molecular Targets and Signaling Pathways","volume":"250","author":"Asghariazar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12358","article-title":"MicroRNA-145: A Potent Tumour Suppressor That Regulates Multiple Cellular Pathways","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Y., Ridzon, D., Wong, L., and Chen, C. (2007). Characterization of microRNA Expression Profiles in Normal Human Tissues. BMC Genom., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-166"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2287","article-title":"Oncolytic Virotherapy","volume":"30","author":"Russell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0272-7","article-title":"Oncolysis without Viruses\u2014Inducing Systemic Anticancer Immune Responses with Local Therapies","volume":"17","author":"Kepp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, L., Berkeley, R., Barr, T., Ilett, E., and Errington-Mais, F. (2020). Past, Present and Future of Oncolytic Reovirus. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113219"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.16264","article-title":"Oncolytic Effect of a Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Encoding a Tumor-Suppressor MicroRNA in an Osteosarcoma Mouse Model","volume":"43","author":"Sakuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noq148","article-title":"A Single Intravenous Injection of Oncolytic Picornavirus SVV-001 Eliminates Medulloblastomas in Primary Tumor-Based Orthotopic Xenograft Mouse Models","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2019.09.004","article-title":"Intravenous Injections of a Rationally Selected Oncolytic Herpes Virus as a Potent Virotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09915","article-title":"Comparison between Intratumoral and Intravenously Administered Oncolytic Virus Therapy with Newcastle Disease Virus in a Xenograft Murine Model for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Huberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-03219-0","article-title":"Single Intravenous Administration of Oncolytic Adenovirus TILT-123 Results in Systemic Tumor Transduction and Immune Response in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors","volume":"43","author":"Jirovec","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01407-6","article-title":"Oncolytic Virotherapy: Basic Principles, Recent Advances and Future Directions","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2019.10.007","article-title":"Oncolytic Viruses for Cancer Therapy: Barriers and Recent Advances","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-11-2605","article-title":"Blood Clearance Rates of Adenovirus Type 5 in Mice","volume":"81","author":"Alemany","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4632","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.7.4632-4645.1996","article-title":"Direct Interactions of Coxsackievirus B3 with Immune Cells in the Splenic Compartment of Mice Susceptible or Resistant to Myocarditis","volume":"70","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10071","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.18.10071-10077.2003","article-title":"Heparan Sulfates and Coxsackievirus-Adenovirus Receptor: Each One Mediates Coxsackievirus B3 PD Infection","volume":"77","author":"Zautner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36132","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.384875","article-title":"Endothelial Heparan Sulfate 6-O-Sulfation Levels Regulate Angiogenic Responses of Endothelial Cells to Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor","volume":"287","author":"Ferreras","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.043281-0","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Constituents Interfere with Newcastle Disease Virus Spread in Solid Tissue and Diminish Its Potential Oncolytic Activity","volume":"93","author":"Yaacov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines2020163","article-title":"Tumor Restrictions to Oncolytic Virus","volume":"2","author":"Hinkkanen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c09491","article-title":"Synergistic Viro-Chemoimmunotherapy in Breast Cancer Enabled by Bioengineered Immunostimulatory Exosomes and Dual-Targeted Coxsackievirus B3","volume":"18","author":"Bahreyni","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0485","article-title":"Attachment of Coxsackievirus B3 Variants to Various Cell Lines: Mapping of Phenotypic Differences to Capsid Protein VP1","volume":"275","author":"Schmidtke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/1\/143\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:47:08Z","timestamp":1769165228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/1\/143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v18010143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18010143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]}}}