{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:05:02Z","timestamp":1790298302506,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et aviaire"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Bacteriophage Research Accelerator Fund hosted by Temerty Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2022-03321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2022-03321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exudative epidermitis (EE), caused by Staphylococcus hyicus, represents an issue for swine production, particularly due to antimicrobial resistance. In this project, we isolated bacteriophages using S. hyicus as host and studied them as a potential alternative to antibiotic treatment in Quebec, Canada. Three phages, STAE-4, STAF-3, and STAM-1, were isolated from swine farm samples using a single S. hyicus strain (SC366) as the host. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that all three phages exhibited a siphovirus-like morphology, and RAPD-PCR profiling indicated that the phages were genetically distinct. Whole genome sequencing confirmed these differences and showed that the three phages were closely related to each other, and, more importantly, highly similar to phages previously described as infecting Staphylococcus chromogenes, a species closely related to S. hyicus. Host range analysis confirmed that the three phages preferentially infected the S. chromogenes strains included in the study, exhibiting minimal to no lytic activity against other strains of S. hyicus or Staphylococcus agnetis, another closely related species. The only exception was the host S. hyicus strain SC366, which was effectively infected by all three phages, albeit less efficiently than the most sensitive S. chromogenes strain (SC385). Adsorption tests further supported these observations, showing that phages bound to strain SC366 much more quickly than to SC385, despite the lower lytic activity observed. Taken together, these results highlight that while the phages retain some capacity to infect S. hyicus, their biological properties point to a stronger adaptation to S. chromogenes, indicating that they are not suitable candidates for controlling EE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:41:34Z","timestamp":1769164894000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Three Staphylococcus Bacteriophages Isolated from Swine Farm Environment in Quebec, Canada, Infecting S. chromogenes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3105-172X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mousumi Sarker","family":"Chhanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA)\u2014Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Nature et Technologies, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9becca E.","family":"St-Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA)\u2014Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Nature et Technologies, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie E.","family":"Paquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5050-1848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Deslauriers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA)\u2014Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Nature et Technologies, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Animales, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de l\u2019Agriculture et de l\u2019Alimentation, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC 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Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Sciences Cliniques, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0109-3363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-\u00c8ve","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA)\u2014Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Nature et Technologies, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Sciences Cliniques, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1338-5785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antony T.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie 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