{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T15:36:11Z","timestamp":1769441771915,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation","award":["Subsidy for the purpose of organising research to assess the prevalence of resistance to antiretro-viral drugs in patients with HIV infection in certain constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Agreement No. 056-02-2025-311 (dated 10 March 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Subsidy for the purpose of organising research to assess the prevalence of resistance to antiretro-viral drugs in patients with HIV infection in certain constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Agreement No. 056-02-2025-311 (dated 10 March 2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The first major HIV outbreak in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) region was registered. Phylogeographic analysis revealed that the main exporters of the virus were Donetsk and Lugansk, from which most migration events occurred, and the predominant genetic variant in Donetsk was subtype A. However, despite a relatively high level of understanding of HIV genetic diversity, data on resistance mutations remain limited. The aim of this study is to assess HIV genetic diversity and drug resistance in Donetsk, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia regions. A comprehensive examination was conducted, encompassing 392 sequences covering the integrase-coding region of the HIV-1 pol gene. Subtyping was achieved through various programs, including COMET, the Stanford Database, BLAST and REGA. The study also involved phylogenetic analysis to clarify HIV genovariants. The profiles and levels of drug resistance were determined. The overall prevalence of drug resistance mutations to the integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) among the studied patients was 3.6% (95% CI, 1.7\u20135.4%). The most commonly detected major DRMs for INSTIs were G140R (4, 28.6%) and Y143R (3, 21.4%), followed by R263K (2, 14.3%), G140RG (2, 14.3%), Y143YS (2, 14.3%), Y143YC (1, 7.1%) and Q148QR (1, 7.1%). A high-level resistance was observed for RAL\u20148\/14 (57.1%), CAB\u20146\/14 (42.9%) and EVG\u20142\/14 (14.3%). The results presented are part of a further larger study and are preliminary. The results of this study suggest a moderate HIV-1 resistance situation in the Donetsk, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia regions, but require further monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:41:34Z","timestamp":1769164894000},"page":"147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HIV-1 Genetic Diversity and Drug Resistance Mutation Profiles in Donetsk, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9180-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Antonova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budget Institution \u201cNational Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya\u201d, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anatolii","family":"Vinokurov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budget Institution \u201cNational Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya\u201d, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8382-275X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Kustova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budget Institution \u201cNational Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya\u201d, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1107-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Pochtovyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budget Institution \u201cNational Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya\u201d, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics and Postgenomic Technologies, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Ogarkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budget Institution \u201cNational Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya\u201d, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5299-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budget Institution \u201cNational Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya\u201d, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7514-5944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruslan","family":"Adgamov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budget Institution \u201cNational Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya\u201d, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Tsyganova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow City Center for AIDS Prevention and Control, 105275 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inna","family":"Kulikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medical Assistance Organisation and Health Risk Management, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127994 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Plutnitskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Medical Biophysical Center Named After A.I. Burnazyan, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Gintsburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budget Institution \u201cNational Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya\u201d, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Infectiology and Virology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Gushchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budget Institution \u201cNational Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya\u201d, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics and Postgenomic Technologies, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksei","family":"Mazus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow City Center for AIDS Prevention and Control, 105275 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1997.13.1195","article-title":"An HIV type 1 epidemic among injecting drug users in the former Soviet Union caused by a homogeneous subtype A strain","volume":"13","author":"Bobkov","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. 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Syndr."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/1\/147\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T05:14:19Z","timestamp":1769404459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/1\/147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v18010147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18010147","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]}}}