{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T02:15:15Z","timestamp":1769480115955,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Bahia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) are clinically indistinguishable diseases. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of both viruses among 469 blood donor candidates at HEMOBA, Salvador, Brazil. The seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG was determined by chemiluminescence (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, IL, USA) and that of anti-HEV (IgG\/IgM) was determined by ELISA (Wantai-Biopharm, Beijing, China). The ineligibility rate was 16.8% (79\/469), mostly temporary. There were no statistically significant demographic differences between ineligible and eligible donor candidates. The participants were predominantly male (52.7%), with the skin color Brown\/Black (83.2%), and had completed secondary education or started\/completed higher education (89.6%). The seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG was 53.5% (193\/361; 95%CI: 48.2\u201358.7%) among unvaccinated participants; the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG was 7.0% (33\/469; 95%CI: 4.9\u20139.7%), and no case of anti-HEV IgM was found. In univariate analysis, HAV was associated with work with livestock and eating fresh fish; HEV was related to low incomes and eating game meat. However, only aging and being born in the interior of the state retained statistical significance in the final model. In conclusion, despite the availability of the HAV vaccine, this study revealed a higher burden of HAV when compared to HEV. Future studies must prioritize risk factor investigations of both viruses in non-metropolitan and rural areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18020162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T15:48:30Z","timestamp":1769442510000},"page":"162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Among Blood Donor Candidates in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Daniela Santana","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8582-2518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria Cruz","family":"Paran\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9531-6993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luan Henrique Paim","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edza Ara\u00fajo de Santana","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00falia Stifelman Freire","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7614-2467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Souza","family":"Novais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"de Souza Benicio dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen Regina Silva Sodr\u00e9 de","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelma Pereira","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology and Hemotherapy Foundation of the State of Bahia (HEMOBA), Salvador 40286-240, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Alice Sant\u2019 Anna","family":"Zarife","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Public Health Laboratory of Bahia (LACEN-BA), Salvador 41745-900, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2898-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina Carvalho dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2119-437X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo David","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil"},{"name":"Zarns Faculty of Medicine, Medicine FTC, Salvador 41741-590, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Isabel","family":"Schinoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9010-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Castro","family":"Lyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3051-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitermayer Galv\u00e3o dos","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7739-4082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano Kalabric","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, September 26). Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma\u2014ScienceDirect. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S001650851200220X."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, September 26). A Map of Types of Hepatitis: Revista Pesquisa Fapesp. Available online: https:\/\/revistapesquisa.fapesp.br\/en\/a-map-of-types-of-hepatitis\/."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e230029","article-title":"Hepatitis Mortality in Brazil and Regions, 2001\u20132020: Temporal Trend and Spatial Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Sousa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Epidemiol. Braz. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i14.1405","article-title":"Viral Hepatitis: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"28","author":"Odenwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2025, September 26). Global Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis\u2014PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32389357\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a033472","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033472","article-title":"Adaptive Immune Responses in Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus Infections","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayed, I.M. (2023). Dual Infection of Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus\u2014What Is Known?. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020298"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816000418","article-title":"Case-Fatality Risk of Pregnant Women with Acute Viral Hepatitis Type E: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"144","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13129","article-title":"Hepatitis E during Pregnancy: Maternal and Foetal Case-Fatality Rates and Adverse Outcomes-A Systematic Review","volume":"26","author":"Hallager","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1929","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1929","article-title":"Hepatitis E and Pregnancy: Current State","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30561","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.26.30561","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Europe: Surveillance and Descriptive Epidemiology of Confirmed Cases, 2005 to 2015","volume":"22","author":"Aspinall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1086\/599319","article-title":"Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus in the United States: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994","volume":"200","author":"Kuniholm","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652006000200006","article-title":"Seroprevalence for Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection among Volunteer Blood Donors of the Regional Blood Bank of Londrina, State of Paran\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"48","author":"Bortoliero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2017.05.004","article-title":"High Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies in Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil: Analysis of a Group of Blood Donors Representative of the General Population","volume":"21","author":"Reinaldo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202163034","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis a in the Capitals of the States of North, Southeast and South Regions of Brazil: Decrease in Prevalence and Some Consequences","volume":"63","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.17235\/reed.2018.5633\/2018","article-title":"An Outbreak of Acute Hepatitis Due to the Hepatitis A Virus in 2017: Are We Witnessing a Change in Contagion Risk Factors?","volume":"110","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700641","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.33.1700641","article-title":"Hepatitis A Outbreak Disproportionately Affecting Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in the European Union and European Economic Area, June 2016 to May 2017","volume":"23","author":"Ndumbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"WHO (2025, September 26). Hepatitis A: Fact Sheet, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-a."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"WHO (2025, September 26). Hepatitis E: Fact Sheet, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-e."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61034-5","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus in Blood Components: A Prevalence and Transmission Study in Southeast England","volume":"384","author":"Hewitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i1.47","article-title":"Transfusion-Transmitted Hepatitis E: What We Know so Far?","volume":"28","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"15","article-title":"HIV Prevalence among Blood Donors in a Blood Bank in Curitiba (Brazil)","volume":"6","author":"Neto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00174312","article-title":"Preval\u00eancia de Doa\u00e7\u00e3o de Sangue e Fatores Associados Em Florian\u00f3polis, Sul Do Brasil: Estudo de Base Populacional","volume":"29","author":"Kupek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cad. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Santana, N.P.D. (1995). Significado do Anti-HCV em Doadores de Sangue na Cidade de Salvador, Bahia. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Federal da Bahia]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.09.009","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in North-Eastern Brazil: A Population-Based Study","volume":"100","author":"Zarife","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.34119\/bjhrv2n6-016","article-title":"Fatores Das Triagens Pr\u00e9-Cl\u00ednica e Cl\u00ednica Que Impedem a Doa\u00e7\u00e3o de Sangue","volume":"2","author":"Arruda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"27","article-title":"Perfil Dos Candidatos Inaptos Para Doa\u00e7\u00e3o De Sangue No Servi\u00e7o De Hemoterapia Do Hospital Santo \u00c2ngelo, Rs, Brasil","volume":"41","author":"Rohr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Patol. Trop. J. Trop. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232021269.05732021","article-title":"Desigualdades de g\u00eanero e raciais no acesso e uso dos servi\u00e7os de aten\u00e7\u00e3o prim\u00e1ria \u00e0 sa\u00fade no Brasil","volume":"26","author":"Cobo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2025, October 29). Organ Donation Registration and Decision-Making Among Current Blood Donors in the Netherlands\u2014PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29187094\/."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e220010","article-title":"Cobertura Vacinal Infantil de Hepatite A, Tr\u00edplice Viral e Varicela: An\u00e1lise de Tend\u00eancia Temporal Em Minas Gerais, Brasil","volume":"25","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"213","article-title":"Shifting Susceptibility to Hepatitis A among Children and Adolescents over the Past Decade","volume":"87","author":"Krebs","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"202200942","article-title":"Soropreval\u00eancia e Fatores de Risco Das Hepatites A, B e C Em Uma Unidade de Refer\u00eancia de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas e Parasit\u00e1rias Especiais, Em Bel\u00e9m, Estado Do Par\u00e1, Brasil","volume":"13","author":"Alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Pan-Amaz. Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"91","article-title":"Hepatotropic Viruses (Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E) in a Rural Brazilian Population: Prevalence, Genotypes, Risk Factors and Vaccination","volume":"114","author":"Caetano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2021.101824","article-title":"Correla\u00e7\u00e3o Entre Hepatite A e Acesso ao Saneamento B\u00e1sico: um Levantamento Epidemiol\u00f3gico","volume":"26","author":"Gazzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2566","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2566","article-title":"Hepatitis A in Latin America: The Current Scenario","volume":"34","author":"Ridruejo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2022.102350","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Volunteer Blood Donors in Central Brazil","volume":"26","author":"Granato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-022-00816-z","article-title":"Analysis of Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Donation Candidates and Blood Donors in Northeast Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Cunha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol. Publ. Braz. Soc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vollmer, T., Diekmann, J., Eberhardt, M., Knabbe, C., and Dreier, J. (2016). Monitoring of Anti-Hepatitis E Virus Antibody Seroconversion in Asymptomatically Infected Blood Donors: Systematic Comparison of Nine Commercial Anti-HEV IgM and IgG Assays. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8080232"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"30514","article-title":"Hepatitis E and Blood Donation Safety in Selected European Countries: A Shift to Screening?","volume":"22","author":"Tedder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2012.01740.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Recipients\u2014A Single-Center Experience","volume":"16","author":"Hoerning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000499121","article-title":"Blood Donor Screening for Hepatitis E Virus in the European Union","volume":"46","author":"Boland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2100432","article-title":"Hepatitis A Outbreak Associated with Consumption of Dates, England and Wales, January 2021 to April 2021","volume":"26","author":"Vilaplana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/2\/162\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T15:54:13Z","timestamp":1769442853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/2\/162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["v18020162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18020162","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]}}}