{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T20:50:45Z","timestamp":1769633445479,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI148707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U19AI181979-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U19AI181979-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Rhinovirus C (RV-C) is one of three species of rhinoviruses (RVs), which cause the common cold, preschool wheezing illnesses and exacerbations of asthma. RV-C types are more virulent, especially in children, but progress in developing treatments is limited by difficulties in generating high-titer virus preparations. The goals of this study were to optimize methods for large-scale production and purification of RV-C to facilitate structure and immune response studies. Methods: We optimized protocols for the propagation and purification of RV-C15a, a clinical isolate adapted to HeLa-E8 cells stably expressing virus receptor CDHR3. We compared virus yields in adherent and suspension cultures, evaluated the effects of calcium supplementation and infection timing, and tested multiple purification strategies, including ultracentrifugation, dialysis, and lipase treatment. Results: RV-C15a yields were significantly lower in suspension vs. adherent cultures despite comparable virus binding and entry, suggesting post-entry replication limitations in suspended cells. In adherent cultures, infecting soon after cell seeding and calcium supplementation reduced the time of virus production and modestly improved virus progeny yields. Surface CDHR3 expression declined over time, potentially restricting viral spread. Among purification methods, lipase treatment of infected cell lysates followed by ultracentrifugation produced highly pure and concentrated virus preparations suitable for structural and immunological applications, with high yields. Conclusions: We present a robust system for large-scale RV-C15a production in adherent HeLa-E8 cells and recommend a lipase-based purification method as a rapid and effective approach for producing high-quality viral preparations. These advances will support structural studies and accelerate the development of RV-C-targeted therapeutics and vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18020169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T08:48:04Z","timestamp":1769590084000},"page":"169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimized Propagation and Purification Protocols for Large-Scale Production of Rhinovirus C"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Kaiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark K.","family":"Devries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6667-4708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James E.","family":"Gern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2618-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury A.","family":"Bochkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad289","article-title":"Burden of Respiratory Viruses in Children Less Than 2 Years Old in a Community-based Longitudinal US Birth Cohort","volume":"77","author":"Teoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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