{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:01:43Z","timestamp":1792069303022,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has historically been regarded as a low-fatality infection; however, growing evidence from diverse study designs demonstrated a substantial mortality burden during large-scale epidemics. In 2025, R\u00e9union Island experienced a major CHIKV outbreak, raising renewed concerns about its fatal impact. Methods: We conducted an ecological time-series analysis of all-cause mortality during the 2025 chikungunya epidemic. Expected deaths were estimated using two complementary approaches: (i) a baseline based on age-specific mean mortality rates from the same calendar months in the post-pandemic period and (ii) long-term Poisson regression models using a log-link function and population offset, excluding the COVID-19 pandemic period. Excess mortality was calculated as the difference between observed and expected deaths during periods when observed mortality significantly exceeded the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Observed mortality exceeded the upper 95% CI limit for three consecutive months, coinciding with the epidemic curve and resulting in an estimated 208 excess deaths. These deaths were concentrated among older adults, peaking in April 2025 with a mortality rate ratio of 1.34 (95% CI: 1.22\u20131.47; p &lt; 0.001). Among older adults, the age-specific excess mortality rate reached 145.3 per 100,000 (95% CI: 125.5\u2013165.0) with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 2.4%, resulting in an overall population excess mortality rate of 23.2 per 100,000 and a total CFR of 0.4%. The number of deaths identified through routine surveillance was substantially lower than our estimates, highlighting a significant discrepancy between reported and excess chikungunya-associated mortality. Conclusions: Chikungunya epidemics are consistently associated with substantial underrecognized mortality worldwide. Routine surveillance relying solely on laboratory confirmation underestimates the true burden of the disease. Integrating excess mortality analysis, strengthening diagnostic and postmortem investigations, and implementing timely mitigation measures are essential to accurately assess and reduce preventable deaths during future CHIKV outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18020180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T09:12:01Z","timestamp":1769677921000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Increased Mortality Rates During the 2025 Chikungunya Epidemic in R\u00e9union Island"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0291-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Ricardo","family":"Ribas Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Curso de Medicina, Faculdade S\u00e3o Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisa S\u00e3o Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas 13045-755, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana","family":"Hughes Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Insper, Vila Ol\u00edmpia, S\u00e3o Paulo 04546-042, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2798-6730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Silva","family":"Lima Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60811-000, CE, Brazil"},{"name":"Secretaria de Sa\u00fade do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60000-000, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3440-1182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano Pamplona","family":"Goes Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universit\u00e1rio Christus, Fortaleza 60160-000, CE, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60000-000, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Mar\u00eda","family":"Alarc\u00f3n-Elbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Health, Public Veterinary Health and Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 45115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10600","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01166-16","article-title":"Comprehensive Genome Scale Phylogenetic Study Provides New Insights on the Global Expansion of Chikungunya Virus","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.07.004","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus: Evolution and Genetic Determinants of Emergence","volume":"1","author":"Tsetsarkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2436","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1038","article-title":"Fatal Outcome of Chikungunya Virus Infection in Brazil","volume":"73","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Morais Alves Barbosa Oliveira, R., Kalline de Almeida Barreto, F., Pra\u00e7a Pinto, G., Timb\u00f3 Queiroz, I., Montenegro de Carvalho Ara\u00fajo, F., Wanderley Lopes, K., L\u00facia Sousa do Vale, R., Rocha Queiroz Lemos, D., Washington Cavalcante, J., and Machado Siqueira, A. (2022). Chikungunya Death Risk Factors in Brazil, in 2017: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260939"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e202003001","article-title":"Chikungunya: Time to Change the Paradigm of a Non-Fatal Disease","volume":"3","author":"Freitas","year":"2020","journal-title":"InterAm. J. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160537","article-title":"Surveillance of Deaths Caused by Arboviruses in Brazil: From Dengue to Chikungunya","volume":"112","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0608","article-title":"Chikungunya Case Classification after the Experience with Dengue Classification: How Much Time Will We Lose?","volume":"102","author":"Siqueira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500344","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.22.2500344","article-title":"Genomic Insights into the Re-Emergence of Chikungunya Virus on R\u00e9union Island, France, 2024 to 2025","volume":"30","author":"Frumence","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2025, July 29). Sant\u00e9 Publique France Canicule et Sant\u00e9: Exc\u00e8s de Mortalit\u00e9. Bulletin du 23 Juillet 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.santepubliquefrance.fr\/determinants-de-sante\/climat\/fortes-chaleurs-canicule\/documents\/bulletin-national\/canicule-et-sante-exces-de-mortalite.-bulletin-du-23-juillet-2025."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Outbreak of Chikungunya Fever in China\u2014Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China, July 2025","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"CCDCW"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2025, August 04). Seasonal Surveillance of Chikungunya Virus Disease in the EU\/EEA. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/chikungunya-virus-disease\/surveillance-and-updates\/seasonal-surveillance."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2025, July 23). Sant\u00e9 Publique France Surveillance sanitaire \u00e0 La R\u00e9union. Bulletin du 26 Juin 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.santepubliquefrance.fr\/regions\/ocean-indien\/documents\/bulletin-regional\/2025\/surveillance-sanitaire-a-la-reunion.-bulletin-du-26-juin-2025."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2025, July 02). Institut National de la Statistique et des \u00c9tudes \u00c9conomiques L\u2019INSEE. Available online: https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques?theme=0."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70075","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70075","article-title":"Shifts in Respiratory Virus Epidemiology on Reunion Island From 2017 to 2023: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions","volume":"19","author":"Frumence","year":"2025","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2024). Trend Analysis Guidance for Surveillance Data, ECDC."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2025, July 26). European Mortality Monitoring Activity Network EUROMOMO. Available online: https:\/\/euromomo.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17806-z","article-title":"Seasonal Pattern of Influenza Activity in a Subtropical City, China, 2010\u20132015","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm012","article-title":"Seasonality of Influenza in Brazil: A Traveling Wave from the Amazon to the Subtropics","volume":"165","author":"Alonso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirve, S., Newman, L.P., Paget, J., Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Fitzner, J., Bhat, N., Vandemaele, K., and Zhang, W. (2016). Influenza Seasonality in the Tropics and Subtropics\u2014When to Vaccinate?. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153003"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1703455","article-title":"Influenza in Temperate and Tropical Asia: A Review of Epidemiology and Vaccinology","volume":"16","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2023). Methods for Estimating the Excess Mortality Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic, WHO."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribas Freitas, A.R., Lima Neto, A.S., Rodrigues, R., Alves de Oliveira, E., Andrade, J.S., and Cavalcanti, L.P.G. (2024). Excess Mortality Associated with Chikungunya Epidemic in Southeast Brazil, 2023. Front. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2024.1466207"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2307\/2983331","article-title":"A Statistical Algorithm for the Early Detection of Outbreaks of Infectious Disease","volume":"159","author":"Farrington","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Society Ser. A (Stat. Soc.)"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Statens Serum Institut (2011). A European Algorithm for a Common Monitoring of Mortality Across Europe, Statens Serum Institut."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(67)90142-3","article-title":"Three-Year Study of Mosquito-Borne Haemorrhagic Fever in Calcutta","volume":"61","author":"Sarkar","year":"1967","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Gelfand, H., Bose, P.N., Sehgal, P.N., and Mukherjee, R.N. (1964). Epidemiological Observations on the Outbreak of Acute Haemorrhagic Fever in Calcutta in 1963. Report of the WHO Seminar on Mosquito-borne Haemorrhagic Fevers in South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions, Bangkok, 19\u201326 October 1964, World Health Organization\u2014Regional Office for South-East Asia and Regional Office for the Western Pacific."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"633","article-title":"The Epidemic of Acute Haemorrhagic Fever, Calcutta, 1963: Epidemiological Inquiry","volume":"52","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"1964","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.170639","article-title":"Excess Mortality and Causes Associated with Chikungunya, Puerto Rico, 2014\u20132015","volume":"24","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas, A.R.R., Cavalcanti, L., Zuben, A.P.V., and Donalisio, M.R. (2017). Excess Mortality Related to Chikungunya Epidemics In The Context Of Co-Circulation Of Other Arboviruses In Brazil. PLoS Curr. Outbreaks, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/140491"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.070720","article-title":"Increased Mortality Rate Associated with Chikungunya Epidemic, Ahmedabad, India","volume":"14","author":"Mavalankar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.06.027","article-title":"Systemic Involvements and Fatalities during Chikungunya Epidemic in India, 2006","volume":"46","author":"Tandale","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.071024","article-title":"Chikungunya Fever, Mauritius, 2006","volume":"14","author":"Beesoon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2019.1574111","article-title":"Excess Deaths Associated with the 2014 Chikungunya Epidemic in Jamaica","volume":"113","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Bertillon, J. (1892). La Grippe \u00e0 Paris et dans Quelques Autres Villes de France et de L\u2019\u00e9tranger en 1889\u20131890, Imprimerie Municipale."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"219","article-title":"Use of Excess Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in the Study of Influenza","volume":"49","author":"Assaad","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). WHO Guidance on Research Methods for Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management, WHO."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"153","article-title":"Summary of the Mortality Impact Assessment of the 2003 Heat Wave in France","volume":"10","author":"Pirard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Euro Surveill. Bull. Eur. Sur Les Mal. Transm.=Eur. Commun. Dis. Bull."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060710","article-title":"Chikungunya Disease Outbreak, Reunion Island","volume":"12","author":"Josseran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2025, July 24). Sant\u00e9 Publique France Bulletin Epid\u00e9miologique Hebdomadaire, 21 Octobre 2008, n\u00b038-39-40 Qu\u2019avons-nous Appris de L\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de Chikungunya dans l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Indien en 2005\u20132006?. Available online: https:\/\/www.santepubliquefrance.fr\/import\/bulletin-epidemiologique-hebdomadaire-21-octobre-2008-n-38-39-40-qu-avons-nous-appris-de-l-epidemie-de-chikungunya-dans-l-ocean-indien-en-2005-20."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky251","article-title":"Evaluation of the French Reactive Mortality Surveillance System Supporting Decision Making","volume":"29","author":"Baghdadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0719","article-title":"Outbreak of Chikungunya in the French Caribbean Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe: Findings from a Hospital-Based Surveillance System (2013-2015)","volume":"98","author":"Dorleans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818002315","article-title":"Excess Mortality in Guadeloupe and Martinique, Islands of the French West Indies, during the Chikungunya Epidemic of 2014","volume":"146","author":"Donalisio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190580","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0580-2019","article-title":"Estimated Mortality Rate and Leading Causes of Death among Individuals with Chikungunya in 2016 and 2017 in Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Frutuoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00739-9","article-title":"Risk of Death Following Chikungunya Virus Disease in the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort, 2015\u20132018: A Matched Cohort Study and Self-Controlled Case Series","volume":"24","author":"Pescarini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"101177","article-title":"Hospitalisation, Mortality and Years of Life Lost among Chikungunya and Dengue Cases in Brazil: A Nationwide Cohort Study, 2015\u20132024","volume":"49","author":"Cardim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health\u2014Am."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"e2024008","article-title":"Usefulness of Minimally Invasive Autopsy in the Diagnosis of Arboviruses to Increase the Sensitivity of the Epidemiological Surveillance System in Cear\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"33","author":"Almeida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Serv. Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.02.011","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Chikungunya Virus Infection Associated with Fatal Outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808001167","article-title":"Atypical Chikungunya Virus Infections: Clinical Manifestations, Mortality and Risk Factors for Severe Disease during the 2005\u20132006 Outbreak on R\u00e9union","volume":"137","author":"Economopoulou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa837","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics, Histopathology, and Tissue Immunolocalization of Chikungunya Virus Antigen in Fatal Cases","volume":"73","author":"Sharp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"100753","article-title":"How Much of the Current Serious Arbovirus Epidemic in Brazil Is Dengue and How Much Is Chikungunya?","volume":"34","author":"Freitas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health\u2014Am."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2025, August 04). Factsheet for Health Professionals About Chikungunya Virus Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/chikungunya\/facts\/factsheet."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, August 04). Chikungunya Fever Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (2025 Edition), Available online: https:\/\/cdcp.gd.gov.cn\/ywdt\/zdzt\/yfjkkyr\/yfjkkyrzs\/content\/post_4752702.html."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"World Health Organization\u2014Regional Office for South-East Asia (2008). Guidelines on Clinical Management of Chikungunya Fever, SEARO|WHO South-East Asia Region."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61109-1","article-title":"Risk Assessment and Perspectives of Local Transmission of Chikungunya and Dengue in Italy, a European Forerunner","volume":"16","author":"Menegale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3518","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf384","article-title":"Vaccination as a New Form of Cardiovascular Prevention: A European Society of Cardiology Clinical Consensus Statement","volume":"46","author":"Heidecker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025). WHO Guidelines for Clinical Management of Arboviral Diseases: Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika and Yellow Fever, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Ribas Freitas, A.R. (2025, July 21). Hughes Freitas, Luana Chikungunya Data and Analysis (GitHub). Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/aribasfreitas\/chikungunya."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/2\/180\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T11:13:01Z","timestamp":1769771581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/2\/180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["v18020180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18020180","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]}}}