{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T04:32:26Z","timestamp":1770179546044,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2021-I2M-1-038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-038"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2023-I2M-2-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-I2M-2-001"]}]},{"name":"Major project of basic research in Yunnan Province","award":["202401BC070008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202401BC070008"]}]},{"name":"High-Level Medical Talent Training Program of Yunnan Province","award":["L-2024018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L-2024018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is now prevalent in multiple regions worldwide, posing a serious threat to human health. In this study, we have successfully established a rhesus macaque model of Chikungunya virus infection. Notably, while no viral load was detected in liver tissue on day 7 post-infection, significant pathological damage was observed. Single-cell RNA sequencing of liver tissue revealed a reduction in B cells following infection. Among T cells, CD8+ T and NKT cells mediated major cytotoxic effects, whereas CD4+ T and memory T cells primarily exerted regulatory functions that further enhanced the activation of CD8+ T and NKT cells. In macrophages, inflammatory macrophages fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis upregulated, with multiple key activation-related genes being highly upregulated. Furthermore, we observed that there might be a potential bidirectional activation effect between T cells and macrophages. These results indicate that CHIKV-induced indirect liver injury is likely mediated not only by the virus itself but also, in part, by the activation of hepatic immune cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18020201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:46:28Z","timestamp":1770137188000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals the Immune Characteristics of Secondary Liver Injury Induced Indirectly by CHIKV Infection in Rhesus Macaques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (IMBCAMS&PUMC), 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (IMBCAMS&PUMC), 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (IMBCAMS&PUMC), 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (IMBCAMS&PUMC), 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (IMBCAMS&PUMC), 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6390-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (IMBCAMS&PUMC), 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (IMBCAMS&PUMC), 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daoju","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (IMBCAMS&PUMC), 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9995-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenqi","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (IMBCAMS&PUMC), 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (IMBCAMS&PUMC), 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1675-9735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuaiyao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (IMBCAMS&PUMC), 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cross-Border Infectious Disease Control and Prevention and Novel Drug Development, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"The Newala epidemic: III. 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