{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:57:05Z","timestamp":1784894225162,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21A20260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["232300421009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["232300421009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Elite Talents Development Program of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["2026RC03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026RC03"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BBS\/E\/PI\/23NB0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/PI\/23NB0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BBS\/OS\/NW\/000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/OS\/NW\/000007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The avian immunosuppressive and neoplastic diseases are great threats to the poultry industry, causing huge economic losses worldwide. Most recently, the emerging hypervirulent variants of Marek\u2019s disease virus (HV-MDV), partially co-infected with avian leukosis virus (ALV) and\/or reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), have been identified as the key driver of tumour outbreaks in vaccinated chicken flocks, but the role of chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) remains unclear. Herein, we have investigated the prevalence and co-infection of CIAV in 71 clinical tumour-bearing flocks collected from central China during 2021\u20132023, which has shown a CIAV positivity rate of 59.2% (42\/71). Notably, the incidence of CIAV mono-infection increased significantly from 0% (0\/29) in 2021 to 23.7% (9\/38) in 2023, whereas CIAV + MDV co-infection decreased from 65.5% (19\/29) to 31.6% (12\/38). A total of 20 viral genomes of epidemic CIAV isolates from diverse sources were obtained, and the phylogenetic analysis, including 91 reference isolates were clustered into four major lineages (A\u2013D), with clade C further subdivided into subclades C1 and C2. Clade C1 consisted predominantly of Asian isolates, with 88.5% (46\/52) of the isolates originating from mainland China. Among the 20 new isolates, 17 were clustered in subclade C1, two in C2, and one in B. The VP1 gene phylogeny showed a topology largely consistent with that of the whole-genome analysis. Moreover, all newly characterized isolates contained glutamine (Q) at VP1 residue 394, a molecular marker associated with high pathogenicity. Collectively, our data suggest that prevalent HV-MDV variants together with CIAV co-infections are the primary drivers of the ongoing tumour outbreaks in Chinese poultry flocks. Notably, the significantly increased CIAV mono-infections, possibly resulting from an independently evolving lineage among circulating Chinese strains, are likely to pose a new challenge for future control of disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18020227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:45:36Z","timestamp":1770831936000},"page":"227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Co-Infection and Phylogenetic Evolution of CIAV in Marek\u2019s Disease Tumour-Bearing Flocks in Central China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology & Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China"},{"name":"Institute for Animal Health & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Health & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu-Ping","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Health & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2784-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Health & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Ge","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Health & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology & Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China"},{"name":"Institute for Animal Health & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Feng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gui-Xi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shangqiu Center for Animal Quarantine and Disease Control and Prevention, Shangqiu 476100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Xu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva Animal Health, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangzhou Youbang Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2019-3949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongxiu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zu-Hua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology & Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7351-8180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Health & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swayne, D.E., Boulianne, M., Logue, C.M., McDougald, L.R., Nair, V., and Suarez, D.L. 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