{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T18:07:23Z","timestamp":1788631643657,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-64-00005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-64-00005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State-funded budget project","award":["075-00486-26-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-00486-26-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viruses of the family Anelloviridae represent a predominant component of the human virome across various anatomical sites, yet their clinical significance remains poorly understood. This review summarizes current data on the dynamics and functional interactions of anelloviruses with the immune system in the context of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection. Existing studies indicate that an individual\u2019s complement of anelloviruses (their \u201canellome\u201d) serves as a highly sensitive indicator of immunocompetence. In the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the viral load and taxonomic diversity of anelloviruses (genera Alphatorquevirus, Betatorquevirus, and Gammatorquevirus) demonstrate a rapid increase, correlating with HIV viral load, a decline in CD4+ T-lymphocyte count, and the CD4\/CD8 ratio, reflecting weakened immune surveillance. Upon initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), a decrease in anellovirus viral load is observed; however, it likely does not revert to the pre-HIV infection baseline. At the same time, a high baseline level of Torque teno virus (TTV) is associated with incomplete immune recovery and the risk of ART non-response. Anelloviruses exhibit a dual role as both activators of the immune system (via APOBEC3, antibody production, and pro-inflammatory cytokines resulting from Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation) and disruptors of certain signaling pathways (through micro-RNAs and proteins encoded by ORF2). Thus, monitoring the anellome represents a promising non-invasive approach for assessing immune status, risk stratification, and personalizing therapy in patients with HIV infection. Future research should focus on the practical application of anellovirus viral load and diversity as markers of immune status and on clarifying the consequences of the aggregate interaction between HIV modulator proteins and anelloviruses during co-infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18020235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T09:09:19Z","timestamp":1770973759000},"page":"235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anelloviruses: From General Biology to Their Role as Biomarkers of Immune Competence in HIV Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7891-5847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina R.","family":"Nokhova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6635-2642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill A.","family":"Elfimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Shestopalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0891-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalya M.","family":"Gashnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga G.","family":"Kurskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51064-8","article-title":"Structure of Anellovirus-like Particles Reveal a Mechanism for Immune Evasion","volume":"15","author":"Liou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veaf002","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaf002","article-title":"Expanding the Genomic Diversity of Human Anelloviruses","volume":"11","author":"Modha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laubscher, F., Kaiser, L., and Cordey, S. (2024). SCANellome V2: Update of the Primate Anellovirus Reference Sequences Database. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091349"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabbaghian, M., Gheitasi, H., Shekarchi, A.A., Tavakoli, A., and Poortahmasebi, V. (2024). The Mysterious Anelloviruses: Investigating Its Role in Human Diseases. BMC Microbiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03187-7"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.08.017","article-title":"Gene Expression of the Human Torque Teno Virus Isolate P\/1C1","volume":"381","author":"Mueller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05192-x","article-title":"Taxonomic Update for Mammalian Anelloviruses (Family Anelloviridae)","volume":"166","author":"Varsani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00866-25","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00866-25","article-title":"Discovery of Diverse Anellovirus Sequences in Thai Human Sequencing Data","volume":"13","author":"Phumiphanjarphak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00582-24","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.00582-24","article-title":"Genome Sequences of Human Anelloviruses in the Lamedtorquevirus, Memtorquevirus, and Samektorquevirus Genera Identified from the Female Genital Tract","volume":"13","author":"Do","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00109-22","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00109-22","article-title":"Diversity and Long-Term Dynamics of Human Blood Anelloviruses","volume":"96","author":"Kaczorowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1590\/S0482-50042012000100006","article-title":"Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Torque Teno Virus in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Reference Service in Mato Grosso Do Sul","volume":"52","author":"Devalle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reumatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.04.002","article-title":"Increased Prevalence of Transfusion-Transmitted Virus and Cross-Reactivity with Immunodominant Epitopes of the HRES-1\/P28 Endogenous Retroviral Autoantigen in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"116","author":"Gergelyjr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem032","article-title":"Torquetenovirus in Patients with Arthritis","volume":"46","author":"Maggi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuae005","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuae005","article-title":"Anelloviruses versus Human Immunity: How Do We Control These Viruses?","volume":"48","author":"Timmerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12066","article-title":"CD 4+ T-cell Depletion in HIV Infection: Mechanisms of Immunological Failure","volume":"254","author":"Okoye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadr3930","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adr3930","article-title":"Depletion of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Rescues HIV-Reactive Stem-like CD8+ T Cells during Chronic HIV-1 Infection","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02427-4","article-title":"PD-1 Suppression Enhances HIV Reactivation and T-Cell Immunity via MAPK\/NF-\u03baB Signaling","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, W., Li, Y.-J., Zhen, C., Wang, Y.-Y., Huang, H.-H., Zou, J., Zheng, Y.-Q., Huang, G.-C., Meng, S.-R., and Jin, J.-H. (2022). CCL5-Secreting Virtual Memory CD8+ T Cells Inversely Associate with Viral Reservoir Size in HIV-1\u2212Infected Individuals on Antiretroviral Therapy. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.897569"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Wang, G., Zhu, X., Li, L., Wang, L., Hao, L., Gao, L., Ma, W., and Zhang, N. (2023). Combining CD4 Count, CD8 Count and CD4\/CD8 Ratio to Predict Risk of Mortality among HIV-Positive Adults after Therapy: A Group-Based Multi-Trajectory Analysis. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1269650"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ron, R., Mart\u00ednez-Sanz, J., Herrera, S., Ramos-Ruperto, L., D\u00edez-Vidal, A., Sainz, T., \u00c1lvarez-D\u00edaz, N., Correa-P\u00e9rez, A., Muriel, A., and L\u00f3pez-Alcalde, J. (2024). CD4\/CD8 Ratio and CD8+ T-Cell Count as Prognostic Markers for Non-AIDS Mortality in People Living with HIV. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1343124"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, L., Xu, K., Xiao, Q., Tuo, L., Luo, T., Wang, S., Yang, R., Zhang, F., and Yang, X. (2023). Cellular and Molecular Insights into Incomplete Immune Recovery in HIV\/AIDS Patients. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1152951"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmerman, A.L., Commandeur, L., Deijs, M., Burggraaff, M.G.J.M., Lavell, A.H.A., Van Der Straten, K., Tejjani, K., Van Rijswijk, J., Van Gils, M.J., and Sikkens, J.J. (2024). The Impact of First-Time SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Human Anelloviruses. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010099"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11917","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01101-07","article-title":"Torque Teno Virus (SANBAN Isolate) ORF2 Protein Suppresses NF-\u03baB Pathways via Interaction with I\u03baB Kinases","volume":"81","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.07.001","article-title":"Global Genome Analysis Reveals a Vast and Dynamic Anellovirus Landscape within the Human Virome","volume":"29","author":"Arze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01466-15","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01466-15","article-title":"Virome Analysis of Transfusion Recipients Reveals a Novel Human Virus That Shares Genomic Features with Hepaciviruses and Pegiviruses","volume":"6","author":"Kapoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosulin, K., Kernbichler, S., Pichler, H., Lawitschka, A., Geyeregger, R., Witt, V., and Lion, T. (2018). Post-Transplant Replication of Torque Teno Virus in Granulocytes. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02956"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2481","article-title":"Replicative Forms of TT Virus DNA in Bone Marrow Cells","volume":"270","author":"Okamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01447-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01447-22","article-title":"Plasma Virome Reveals Blooms and Transmission of Anellovirus in Intravenous Drug Users with HIV-1, HCV, and\/or HBV Infections","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.6.2407-2408.2000","article-title":"High Prevalence of TT Virus DNA in Human Saliva and Semen","volume":"38","author":"Inami","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.2022-2024.2001","article-title":"High Prevalence of TT Virus (TTV) and TTV-Like Minivirus in Cervical Swabs","volume":"39","author":"Fornai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brani, P., Manzoor, H.Z., Spezia, P.G., Vigezzi, A., Ietto, G., Dalla Gasperina, D., Minosse, C., Bosi, A., Giaroni, C., and Carcano, G. (2025). Torque Teno Virus: Lights and Shades. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030334"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1545","article-title":"TT Virus Replicates in Stimulated but Not in Nonstimulated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells","volume":"301","author":"Mariscal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.01.007","article-title":"Immunology of the Uterine and Vaginal Mucosae","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, S.M., Aguilar-Jimenez, W., Su, R.-C., and Rugeles, M.T. (2019). Mucosa: Key Interactions Determining Sexual Transmission of the HIV Infection. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00144"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6346(01)00115-2","article-title":"Existence of TT Virus DNA and TTV-like Mini Virus DNA in Infant Cord Blood: Mother-to-Neonatal Transmission","volume":"21","author":"Matsubara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050200027","article-title":"Mother-to-Child Transmission of TT Virus: Sequence Analysis of Non-Coding Region of TT Virus in Infected Mother-Infant Pairs","volume":"147","author":"Bagaglio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200011000-00009","article-title":"Mother-to-Infant Transmission of TT Virus: Prevalence, Extent and Mechanism of Vertical Transmission","volume":"19","author":"Gerner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyathanahalli, C., Snedden, M., and Hirsch, E. (2021). Human Anelloviruses: Prevalence and Clinical Significance During Pregnancy. Front. Virol., 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2021.782886"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.04.048","article-title":"The Vaginal Eukaryotic DNA Virome and Preterm Birth","volume":"219","author":"Wylie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4694","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4694","article-title":"Viromes of One Year Old Infants Reveal the Impact of Birth Mode on Microbiome Diversity","volume":"6","author":"McCann","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczorowska, J., Cicilionyt\u0117, A., Timmerman, A.L., Deijs, M., Jebbink, M.F., Van Goudoever, J.B., Van Keulen, B.J., Bakker, M., and Van Der Hoek, L. (2022). Early-Life Colonization by Anelloviruses in Infants. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050865"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczorowska, J., Cicilionyt\u0117, A., Wahdaty, A.F., Deijs, M., Jebbink, M.F., Bakker, M., and Van Der Hoek, L. (2022). Transmission of Anelloviruses to HIV-1 Infected Children. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.951040"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2114619119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2114619119","article-title":"The Virota and Its Transkingdom Interactions in the Healthy Infant Gut","volume":"119","author":"Beller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2021.210139","article-title":"Molecular Study of Torque Teno Virus in Patients with Acute Gastroenteritis","volume":"67","author":"Zaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.4.2418-2425.2003","article-title":"TT Virus in the Nasal Secretions of Children with Acute Respiratory Diseases: Relations to Viremia and Disease Severity","volume":"77","author":"Maggi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9071(200012)62:4<531::AID-JMV20>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Higher Prevalence and Viral Load of TT Virus in Saliva than in the Corresponding Serum: Another Possible Transmission Route and Replication Site of TT Virus","volume":"62","author":"Deng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nokhova, A.R., Dubovitskiy, N.A., Derko, A.A., Khozyainova, A.A., Kurskaya, O.G., Shestopalov, A.M., and Sharshov, K.A. (2025). Genetic Characteristics of Anelloviruses Detected in Individual Viromes of Children with Acute Respiratory Symptoms Using the Metagenomic Approach. Acta Virol., 69.","DOI":"10.3389\/av.2025.13512"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vead045","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead045","article-title":"Longitudinal Anellome Dynamics in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"387","article-title":"Detection of Torque Teno Virus DNA in Exhaled Breath by Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"66","author":"Chikasue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Med. Okayama."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa007","article-title":"Human Anelloviruses: Diverse, Omnipresent and Commensal Members of the Virome","volume":"44","author":"Kaczorowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodi, G., Attanasi, M., Di Filippo, P., Di Pillo, S., and Chiarelli, F. (2021). Virome in the Lungs: The Role of Anelloviruses in Childhood Respiratory Diseases. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071357"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes, N.S., Spezia, P.G., Jara, R., Filippini, F., Boccia, N., Garc\u00eda, G., Hermida, E., Poletta, F.A., Pistello, M., and Laham, G. (2024). Torque Teno Virus (TTV) in Renal Transplant Recipients: Species Diversity and Variability. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030432"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae110","article-title":"Association of Dynamics of Anellovirus Loads With Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in Patients With Brain Injury During the Intensive Care Unit Stay","volume":"230","author":"Castain","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doorenbos, C.S.E., Jonker, J., Hao, J., Gore, E.J., Kremer, D., Knobbe, T.J., De Joode, A.A.E., Sanders, J.S.F., Thaunat, O., and Niesters, H.G.M. (2023). Smoking, Alcohol Intake and Torque Teno Virus in Stable Kidney Transplant Recipients. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122387"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v37.2.11","article-title":"Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Developing Immune System","volume":"37","author":"Gauthier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06968-8","article-title":"Smoking Changes Adaptive Immunity with Persistent Effects","volume":"626","author":"Charbit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-1007-6","article-title":"Torque Teno Virus Dynamics during the First Year of Life","volume":"15","author":"Tyschik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04928-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04928-22","article-title":"Human Anelloviruses: Influence of Demographic Factors, Recombination, and Worldwide Diversity","volume":"11","author":"Beamud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-1055-y","article-title":"Torquetenovirus Detection in Exosomes Enriched Vesicles Circulating in Human Plasma Samples","volume":"15","author":"Martelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freer, G., Maggi, F., Pifferi, M., Di Cicco, M.E., Peroni, D.G., and Pistello, M. (2018). The Virome and Its Major Component, Anellovirus, a Convoluted System Molding Human Immune Defenses and Possibly Affecting the Development of Asthma and Respiratory Diseases in Childhood. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00686"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-7-1759","article-title":"TT Virus Sequence Heterogeneity in Vivo: Evidence for Co-Infection with Multiple Genetic Types","volume":"80","author":"Ball","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00506-22","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00506-22","article-title":"Control of Human Anelloviruses by Cytosine to Uracil Genome Editing","volume":"7","author":"Timmerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vead001","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead001","article-title":"Anellovirus Evolution during Long-Term Chronic Infection","volume":"9","author":"Kaczorowska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01612-25","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01612-25","article-title":"Antibody-Mediated Control of Anellovirus Infection: Evidence from People Who Inject Drugs","volume":"99","author":"Kandathil","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111754","article-title":"Comprehensive Profiling of Antibody Responses to the Human Anellome Using Programmable Phage Display","volume":"41","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.09.012","article-title":"Expression of All Six Human Torque Teno Virus (TTV) Proteins in Bacteria and in Insect Cells, and Analysis of Their IgG Responses","volume":"382","author":"Kakkola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"2","article-title":"Association of the Human Semen DNA Virome with Successful in Vitro Fertilization","volume":"3","author":"Gunderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"FS Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2051","article-title":"Low Prevalence of TT Virus in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Viremic Patients with Central Nervous System Disorders","volume":"65","author":"Maggi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.08.036","article-title":"Torquetenovirus DNA Drives Proinflammatory Cytokines Production and Secretion by Immune Cells via Toll-like Receptor 9","volume":"394","author":"Rocchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318162a14f","article-title":"Torquetenovirus Infection and Ciliary Dysmotility in Children with Recurrent Pneumonia","volume":"27","author":"Pifferi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000232723.58355.f4","article-title":"High Torquetenovirus Loads Are Correlated With Bronchiectasis and Peripheral Airflow Limitation in Children","volume":"25","author":"Pifferi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.6183","article-title":"TT Virus Is Distributed in Various Leukocyte Subpopulations at Distinct Levels, with the Highest Viral Load in Granulocytes","volume":"290","author":"Takahashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbate, I., Rozera, G., Cimini, E., Carletti, F., Tartaglia, E., Rubino, M., Pittalis, S., Esvan, R., Gagliardini, R., and Mondi, A. (2023). Kinetics of TTV Loads in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Early Treated Acute HIV Infections. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091931"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20426","article-title":"Replication of TT Virus in Hepatocyte and Leucocyte Cell Lines","volume":"77","author":"Desai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae626","article-title":"Anelloviruses and Cancer","volume":"231","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawandar, D.M., Trivedi, M., Bounoutas, G., Lebo, K., Prince, C., Scano, C., Agarwal, N., Ozturk, E., Yu, J., and Arze, C.A. (2022). Human Anelloviruses Produced by Recombinant Expression of Synthetic Genomes. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.04.28.489885"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70972-5_9","article-title":"Apoptosis-Inducing Proteins in Chicken Anemia Virus and TT Virus","volume":"Volume 331","author":"Hausen","year":"2009","journal-title":"TT Viruses"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Swinkels, H.M., Nguyen, A.D., and Gulick, P.G. (2025). HIV and AIDS. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calado, M., Pires, D., Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, C., Ferreira, R., Santos-Costa, Q., Anes, E., and Azevedo-Pereira, J.M. (2023). Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 and HIV-2 from Infected Macrophages and Dendritic Cells to CD4+ T Lymphocytes. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051030"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14817-8","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from HIV-1 Infected DCs Mediate Viral Trans-Infection via Fibronectin and Galectin-3","volume":"7","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a006841","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006841","article-title":"Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic","volume":"1","author":"Sharp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq248","article-title":"Update on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-2 Infection","volume":"52","author":"Gandhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidya Vijayan, K.K., Karthigeyan, K.P., Tripathi, S.P., and Hanna, L.E. (2017). Pathophysiology of CD4+ T-Cell Depletion in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00580"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.001","article-title":"Systemic Effects of Inflammation on Health during Chronic HIV Infection","volume":"39","author":"Deeks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, W., Patankar, V., Kitchen, S., and Zhen, A. (2024). Examining Chronic Inflammation, Immune Metabolism, and T Cell Dysfunction in HIV Infection. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16020219"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105533","article-title":"SHMT2 Regulates CD8+ T Cell Senescence via the Reactive Oxygen Species Axis in HIV-1 Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu094","article-title":"Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: Updated Guidelines From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"58","author":"Masur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615896","article-title":"HIV-Associated Cancers and Related Diseases","volume":"378","author":"Yarchoan","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Kemnic, T.R., and Gulick, P.G. (2025). HIV Antiretroviral Therapy. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1760443","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying of Antiretroviral Drugs in Different Cellular Reservoirs with a Focus on Macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Aquaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467168","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2467168","article-title":"Short-Term Antiretroviral Therapy May Not Correct the Dysregulations of Plasma Virome and Cytokines Induced by HIV-1 Infection","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892029279786240111052824","article-title":"Plasma Virome of HIV-Infected Subjects on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy Reveals Association of Differentially Abundant Viruses with Distinct T-Cell Phenotypes and Inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Bhagchandani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70160","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70160","article-title":"Modeling the Interplay Between Viral and Immune Dynamics in HIV: A Review and Mrgsolve Implementation and Exploration","volume":"18","author":"Girish","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.10.015","article-title":"Evolution and Diversity of Immune Responses during Acute HIV Infection","volume":"53","author":"Kazer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murzin, A.I., Elfimov, K.A., and Gashnikova, N.M. (2024). The Proviral Reservoirs of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14010015"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0687-5","article-title":"Evolution of the Gut Microbiome Following Acute HIV-1 Infection","volume":"7","author":"Rocafort","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapa, D., Del Porto, P., Minosse, C., D\u2019Offizi, G., Antinori, A., Capobianchi, M.R., Visco-Comandini, U., McPhee, F., Garbuglia, A.R., and Zaccarelli, M. (2021). Clinical Relevance of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) in HIV\/HCV Coinfected and HCV Monoinfected Patients Treated with Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102092"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200103300-00004","article-title":"Inverse Relationship between the Titre of TT Virus DNA and the CD4 Cell Count in Patients Infected with HIV","volume":"15","author":"Shibayama","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73870-2","article-title":"Torque Teno Virus: A Potential Marker of Immune Reconstitution in Youths with Vertically Acquired HIV","volume":"14","author":"Carrasco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e437","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae014","article-title":"Torque Teno Virus Load Is Associated with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Stage and CD4+ Cell Count in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus but Seems Unrelated to AIDS-Defining Events and Human Pegivirus Load","volume":"230","author":"Esser","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10564","article-title":"Distribution of TT Virus Genomic Groups 1\u20135 in Brazilian Blood Donors, HBV Carriers, and HIV-1-infected Patients","volume":"72","author":"Devalle","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04538-1","article-title":"Prevalence of Torque Viruses in HIV-Infected and Non-HIV-Infected Nigerian Subjects: Analysis of near-Full-Length Genome Sequences","volume":"165","author":"Elesinnla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00081-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00081-21","article-title":"HIV-1 Infection Alters the Viral Composition of Plasma in Men Who Have Sex with Men","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01925-7","article-title":"Alterations of the Gut Microbiome in HIV Infection Highlight Human Anelloviruses as Potential Predictors of Immune Recovery","volume":"12","author":"Boukadida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7904","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63158-y","article-title":"Longitudinal Cervicovaginal Bacteriome and Virome Alterations Associate with Discordant Shedding and ART Duration in Women Living with HIV in Peru","volume":"16","author":"Kaelin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829584","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/829584","article-title":"Emergence of Exhausted B Cells in Asymptomatic HIV-1-Infected Patients Na\u00efve for HAART Is Related to Reduced Immune Surveillance","volume":"2012","author":"Fogli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01573-7","article-title":"Torque Teno Virus Plasma Level as Novel Biomarker of Retained Immunocompetence in HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"49","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guedes, M.C.S., Lopes-Araujo, H.F., Dos Santos, K.F., Sim\u00f5es, E., Carvalho-Silva, W.H.V., and Guimar\u00e3es, R.L. (2025). How to Properly Define Immunological Nonresponse to Antiretroviral Therapy in People Living with HIV? An Integrative Review. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1535565"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-021-00185-w","article-title":"Unmapped Exome Reads Implicate a Role for Anelloviridae in Childhood HIV-1 Long-Term Non-Progression","volume":"6","author":"Mwesigwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Npj Genom. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S522910","article-title":"Rapid Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Suppresses T Cell Pathological Proliferation and Improves Immune Recovery in People Living with HIV","volume":"18","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00405-0","article-title":"sCD163, sCD28, sCD80, and sCTLA-4 as Soluble Marker Candidates for Detecting Immunosenescence","volume":"21","author":"Aprilia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13257","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13257","article-title":"The Association of Soluble CD163, a Novel Biomarker of Macrophage Activation, with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Underlying Physiological Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"22","author":"Connelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e024374","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.024374","article-title":"Circulating Soluble CD163, Associations With Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality, and Identification of Genetic Variants in Older Individuals: The Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"11","author":"Durda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto-Cardoso, S., Ch\u00e1vez-Torres, M., L\u00f3pez-Filloy, M., \u00c1vila-R\u00edos, S., Romero-Mora, K., and Peralta-Prado, A. (2025). Patterns of Immune Recovery in People Living with HIV Who Initiated Antiretroviral Therapy as Late Presenters. BMC Infect. Dis., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11318-2"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Feng, A., Luo, D., Yuan, T., Lin, Y.-F., Ling, X., Zhong, H., Li, J., Li, L., and Zou, H. (2024). Factors Associated with Immunological Non-Response after ART Initiation: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study. BMC Infect. Dis., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09021-9"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honorato, L., Witkin, S.S., Mendes-Correa, M.C., Conde Toscano, A.L.C., Linhares, I.M., De Paula, A.V., Pai\u00e3o, H.G.O., De Paula, V.S., Lopes, A.D.O., and Lima, S.H. (2022). The Torque Teno Virus Titer in Saliva Reflects the Level of Circulating CD4+ T Lymphocytes and HIV in Individuals Undergoing Antiretroviral Maintenance Therapy. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.809312"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spezia, P.G., Carletti, F., Novazzi, F., Specchiarello, E., Genoni, A., Drago Ferrante, F., Minosse, C., Matusali, G., Mancini, N., and Focosi, D. (2024). Torquetenovirus Viremia Quantification Using Real-Time PCR Developed on a Fully Automated, Random-Access Platform. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060963"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.09.004","article-title":"Virome Analysis of Antiretroviral-Treated HIV Patients Shows No Correlation between T-Cell Activation and Anelloviruses Levels","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz442","article-title":"Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces T-Cell Activation and Immune Exhaustion Markers in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Controllers","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102150","article-title":"Distinct Viral Reservoirs and Immune Signatures in Individuals on Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy with Perinatally Acquired HIV-1","volume":"6","author":"Bone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-5-51","article-title":"HIV-1 Vif, APOBEC, and Intrinsic Immunity","volume":"5","author":"Strebel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202403167","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202403167","article-title":"A Lyophilized Open-Source RT-LAMP Assay for Molecular Diagnostics in Resource-Limited Settings","volume":"8","author":"Matl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202200082","article-title":"Recent Advances in Microchip Electrophoresis for Analysis of Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses","volume":"44","author":"Zeid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cinti, L., Spezia, P.G., Roberto, P., Russo, G., Lai, Q., Carillo, C., Frasca, F., Antonelli, G., and Maggi, F. (2025). Assessment of Torquetenominivirus (TTMV) and Torquetenomidivirus (TTMDV) as Complementary Biomarkers to Torquetenovirus (TTV). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031022"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/2\/235\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T09:13:21Z","timestamp":1770974001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/2\/235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["v18020235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18020235","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]}}}