{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:13:37Z","timestamp":1792671217192,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fowl adenoviruses are opportunistic emerging viruses that spread widely in fowls, infecting birds of all ages, including young broiler chicks. This study aims to genotype the current adenovirus strains associated with inclusion body hepatitis hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) among infected broilers in Upper Egypt and to evaluate their pathogenic features. In 2024, 100 tissue samples were collected across Assiut and Sohag governorates in Upper Egypt for genetic characterization and pathogenicity evaluation. FAdVs were detected in 22% (11\/50) of flocks. Typical FAdV lesions of dead embryos were observed after seven days post egg inoculation. Regarding the PCR assay of the hexon gene, only 8 of 30 samples were confirmed positive at 897 bp, yielding a 26.6% positivity rate. The remaining samples were considered negative using established RT-qPCR protocols for other viral pathogens. Partial sequencing of the hexon gene revealed that FAdV isolates (n = 4) clustered within FAdV species-D serotype 2\/11, as determined by phylogenetic analysis. The four isolates shared (98\u201399%) and (94\u2013100%) nucleotide and amino-acid similarities to FAdV-D of Israeli strains (2019\u20132020) and contemporary Egyptian isolates (2022), respectively, and low genetic divergence (54\u201381%) in comparison with other documented species. The amino acid sequence alignment and 3D structure indicate that the four immunogenic HVRs are located in the L1 region of the hexon protein, and that the highly conserved 91GQMTT95, a specific region for FAdV-D serotype 2\/11, is present. Regarding pathogenicity, the gross and histopathological findings observed clearly demonstrate the systemic pathogenicity of FAdV-2\/11 in the infected group, with a final mortality rate of 30% at seven days post-infection (dpi). The FAdV DNA in hepatic tissues and cloacal swabs was confirmed by the PCR method at 3 dpi and 5 dpi. These results emphasize the circulating of FAdV-2\/11 species D in Upper Egypt and highlight the significant need for a single inactivated vaccine that effectively targets the relevant FAdV serotypes to achieve broader and more efficient protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18020252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T11:11:28Z","timestamp":1771240288000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pathogenicity and Genotyping of Fowl Adenovirus-D Serotype 2\/11 Circulating in Commercial Broilers in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5862-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Abd ElMenum","family":"Shosha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Khargia 72511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1750-1448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Eldaghayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli P.O. Box 13662, Libya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh Esmate Ali","family":"Abdel-Rahaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Veterinary Serum and Vaccines Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo 11381, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Veterinary Serum and Vaccines Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo 11381, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4838-9038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba M.","family":"El Naggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Veterinary Serum and Vaccines Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo 11381, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Gamaleldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Disease, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0697-4303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Fotouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology and Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Khargia 72511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina A.","family":"Radwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Veterinary Serum and Vaccines Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo 11381, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abghour, S., Mouahid, M., Darkaoui, S., Berrada, J., Zro, K., and Kichou, F. 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