{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T12:14:49Z","timestamp":1771848889939,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Regional Identity"},{"name":"European Commission, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union","award":["862605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862605"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a fatal disease in domestic pigs and wild boars (Sus scrofa), leading to nearly 100% mortality during acute infection and significant economic losses in swine production. Unlike other eukaryotic viruses, ASFV encodes a histone-like nucleic acid-binding protein, pA104R, which is highly conserved and present in all described ASFV isolates of different genotypes. Moreover, A104R-like sequences have been identified in the genomes of soft ticks, which can replicate and transmit ASFV. Using a virulent genotype IX field isolate from Kenya, we analyzed the importance of A104R for viral replication in a permissive wild boar cell line (WSL). In this study, we confirmed that A104R is not essential for in vitro replication of ASFV. Loss of A104R did not detectably affect viral DNA replication or RNA transcription but led to a moderate reduction in virus titers and plaque sizes. Substitution of A104R with a similar ASFV-like element derived from the genome of an Ornithodoros moubata soft tick was not capable of rescuing the deletion mutant phenotype. In contrast, reintroduction of the authentic A104R open reading frame (ORF) into the deletion mutant fully restored wild-type virus growth properties. In accompanying studies, we verified the DNA-binding activities of the ASFV- and tick-derived A104R proteins and performed mass spectrometric analyses of the pA104R interactome. These experiments revealed, besides DNA-dependent co-precipitated proteins, specific DNA-independent protein\u2013protein interactions of pA104R with other viral and cellular proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18020272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:39:10Z","timestamp":1771846750000},"page":"272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional Analyses of the Histone-like A104R Protein of African Swine Fever Virus and of a Homologous Pseudogene Product Found in Soft Tick Genomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn-Patrick","family":"Mohl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5363-6254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonny","family":"Kabuuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"},{"name":"National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), Entebbe P.O. Box 295, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7009-1778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna Magdalena","family":"Dolata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Pannhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan Hendrik","family":"Forth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0054-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Karger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Mettenleiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1646-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(21)80031-4","article-title":"On A Form of Swine Fever Occurring in British East Africa (Kenya Colony)","volume":"34","author":"Montgomery","year":"1921","journal-title":"J. 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