{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:29:22Z","timestamp":1772087362479,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011019","name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Office of Hungary","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Culture and Innovation, National Fund for Research, Development and Innovation"},{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Office"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluates fragmented data on ultraviolet-C (UV-C, 100\u2013280 nm) irradiation for viral inactivation in liquid media, supporting advances such as whole-pathogen vaccine development and downstream research. Included studies reported viral strain identification, baseline titers (PFU or TCID50), UV-C wavelength, dosage, and log reductions, excluding studies employing alternative treatments. We searched (PubMed, Ovid Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science; 10 April 2024) and identified 2813 records, of which 33 met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I V2 to evaluate methodological rigor and inform improved reporting. Narrative synthesis summarized findings across viruses, while meta-analysis focused on 16 SARS-CoV-2 studies with standardized reporting. Meta-regression revealed a strong dose\u2013response relationship (log_dose \u03b2 = 3.38, 95% CI [2.95, 3.82], p &lt; 0.001) with low heterogeneity (I2 = 15.1%). Strain and wavelength-specific efficacy peaked at 267 nm (\u03b2 = 6.42) and 275 nm (\u03b2 = 3.78), while 253.7 nm offered structural preservation for downstream applications. Limitations included inconsistent dose reporting, matrix effects, and assay sensitivity. We propose a refined reporting framework and standard definitions for \u2018inactivation\u2019, \u2018\u2018disinfection,\u2019 and \u2018complete inactivation.\u2019 Our findings support reproducible UV-C evaluation, regulatory alignment, and safe implementation in pathogen control, biosafety, and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18030276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:05:27Z","timestamp":1771945527000},"page":"276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wavelength-Specific UV-C Inactivation of Viruses in Liquids: Dose\u2013Response, Mechanistic Insights, and Structural Integrity\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4390-7924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Het\u00e9nyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Virology, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Virological Research Group, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"RoLink Biotechnology Ltd., 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7093-6491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Virology, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Virological Research Group, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"RoLink Biotechnology Ltd., 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1176-5529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Kopasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Virology, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Virological Research Group, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8685-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f3zsef L.","family":"Szentp\u00e9teri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2753-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Virology, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Virological Research Group, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bal\u00e1zs Antal","family":"Somogyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Virology, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Virological Research Group, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kriszti\u00e1n","family":"B\u00e1nyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3315-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edina","family":"Szab\u00f3-Meleg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Use of ultraviolet-C in environmental sterilization in hospitals: A systematic review on efficacy and safety","volume":"14","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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