{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T14:23:21Z","timestamp":1772547801185,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UK Ministry of Defence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective disinfectants are a requirement for safe operation within Containment Level 4 (CL4) laboratories. High-containment processes often demand that disinfectants remain effective over prolonged periods of time. Four candidate quaternary ammonium-based disinfectants were tested at room temperature for activity against Ebola virus and Nipah virus with a 5 min contact time when disinfectant was freshly prepared and again after disinfectants were aged for 26 weeks. The concentrations tested, based on manufacturer recommendations, were either 5% or 10%. Candidates that demonstrated long-term efficacy were also evaluated for viral breakthrough using reduced disinfectant concentration (1.25% or 2.5%) or reduced contact time (1 min). Breakthrough of Ebola virus was observed with one of the disinfectants using a reduced concentration compared to the manufacturer\u2019s recommendation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18030314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T09:45:12Z","timestamp":1772531112000},"page":"314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-Term Efficacy of Disinfectants Against Ebola Virus and Nipah Virus for Use in Containment Level 4 Laboratories"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Phelps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Biological Advantage, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Eastaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Biological Advantage, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Findlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Biological Advantage, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Thom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Biological Advantage, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Lever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Biological Advantage, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7835-3581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie J.","family":"Smither","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Biological Advantage, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1698272","article-title":"Survival and persistence of Nipah virus in blood and tissue culture media","volume":"8","author":"Smither","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smither, S., Phelps, A., Eastaugh, L., Ngugi, S., O\u2019Brien, L., Dutch, A., and Lever, M.S. (2016). Effectiveness of Four Disinfectants against Ebola Virus on Different Materials. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8070185"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2018). Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics. Quantitative Non-Porous Surface Test Without Mechanical Action for the Evaluation of Virucidal Activity of Chemical Disinfectants Used in the Medical Area. Test Method and Requirements (Phase 2\/Step 2) (Standard No. BS EN 16777:2018). Available online: https:\/\/shop.bsigroup.com\/products\/chemical-disinfectants-and-antiseptics-quantitative-non-porous-surface-test-without-mechanical-action-for-the-evaluation-of-virucidal-activity-of-chemical-disinfectants-used-in-the-medical-area-test-method-and-requirements-phase-2-step-2\/standard."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38293","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38293","article-title":"The Disinfection Characteristics of Ebola Virus Outbreak Variants","volume":"6","author":"Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2022.04.008","article-title":"Efficacy of disinfectants for inactivation of Ebola virus in suspension by integrated cell culture coupled with real-time RT\u2013PCR","volume":"125","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42376-8","article-title":"Virucidal activity of three standard chemical disinfectants against Ebola virus suspended in tripartite soil and whole blood","volume":"13","author":"Jonsdottir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15228-0","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of three virucidal agents on inactivation of Nipah virus","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smither, S.J., Eastaugh, L.S., O\u2019Brien, L.M., Phelps, A.L., and Lever, M.S. (2022). Aerosol Survival, Disinfection and Formalin Inactivation of Nipah Virus. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14092057"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1089\/apb.2024.0011","article-title":"Decontamination Validation of the BSL-4 Chemical Disinfectant Deluge Shower System","volume":"29","author":"Leung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. 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