{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:41:41Z","timestamp":1772692901101,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wageningen UR","award":["KB-37-001-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KB-37-001-004"]}]},{"name":"Epidemic Preparedness Innovations"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a re-emerging, vector-borne pathogen endemic to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, posing an increasing threat to human and animal health. Outbreaks have severe economic and social impacts on farmers, communities, and governments. Current diagnostic methods rely on PCR and ELISA; however, rapid pen-side tests would enable faster, cost-effective monitoring and outbreak control. Here, a species- and immunoglobulin class-independent capillary flow immunodiagnostic assay (lateral flow test; LFT) for detecting RVFV-specific antibodies is described. The assay uses a double-antigen approach, coupling the RVFV nucleocapsid protein, a major viral antigen, both to carbon nanoparticles and to a nitrocellulose membrane. The method was qualified with immune sera from sheep, calves, goats, and humans and benchmarked against a newly developed double-antigen ELISA and a commercial competition ELISA. Both the LFT and double-antigen ELISA demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity. This advancement brings RVFV-specific pen-side testing significantly closer to practical implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18030316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T12:48:56Z","timestamp":1772542136000},"page":"316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Species-Independent Lateral Flow Test to Detect Rift Valley Fever Virus Antibodies Using a Double Antigen Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9790-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Wichgers Schreur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of One Health Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heleen","family":"de Vogel-van den Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSensing & Diagnostics, Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Massop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSensing & Diagnostics, Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Harders-Westerveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of One Health Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"van de Water","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of One Health Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2463-027X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry","family":"Rockx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of One Health Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2502-5744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aart","family":"van Amerongen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSensing & Diagnostics, Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e864","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30176-0","article-title":"Association of Rift Valley fever virus infection with miscarriage in Sudanese women: A cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Baudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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