{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:32:23Z","timestamp":1772778743099,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-054816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-054816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cassava mosaic begomoviruses are a major threat to cassava cultivation in Africa. The virulent Ugandan variant of the East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-Ug), which caused substantial damage to cassava production in Uganda in the 1990s and which was previously confined to East and Central Africa, was recently found to be well established in Guinea and Sierra Leone in West Africa. Molecular analysis of cassava leaf samples from a nationwide cassava fields survey conducted in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire in 2022 suggested the absence of EACMV-Ug in the country in 2022. Given the proximity of some confirmed EACMV-Ug infected locations in Guinea to C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, we conducted another survey in 2025 along the entire western border of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, bordering Guinea and Liberia, to update the status of EACMV-Ug in the country. Molecular analysis of the leaf samples collected confirmed the presence of EACMV-Ug in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire for the first time, along with other begomoviruses. The infection rate of EACMV-Ug along the Liberian border was higher (28.85%) than the 17.07% observed along the Guinean border. African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCMV) were detected both as a single infection and in double co-infections (ACMV+EACMCMV) in some plants, whereas EACMV-Ug was found as a double co-infection (EACMCMV+EACMV-Ug) and as a triple co-infection (ACMV+EACMCMV+EACMV-Ug). Our results also show that all the cassava varieties grown in the surveyed locations were susceptible to EACMV-Ug. Epidemiological assessment of cassava fields revealed that the incidence and severity of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) were significantly higher along the Liberian border compared to the Guinean border. However, whitefly populations were relatively low across the entire area surveyed. Furthermore, we found that the spread of CMD in the survey area was mainly through the use of infected cassava cuttings for the establishment of new farms. Based on these results, it is imperative to conduct an urgent nationwide cassava fields survey to assess the extent of EACMV-Ug spread in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire and implement containment measures to stop further spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18030319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:51:33Z","timestamp":1772614293000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Alarming Eastward Front of Cassava Mosaic Disease Reported in Guinea and Sierra Leone Reaches Western C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Justin S.","family":"Pita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Innovation pour la Sant\u00e9 des Plantes, UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Abidjan 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3619-3268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fid\u00e8le","family":"Tiendr\u00e9b\u00e9ogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela O.","family":"Eni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2575-7408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William J.-L.","family":"Amoakon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7868-7362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bekanvi\u00e9 S. M.","family":"Kouakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Combala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Innovation pour la Sant\u00e9 des Plantes, UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Abidjan 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6001-7600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya Ange Nate","family":"Yoboue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Innovation pour la Sant\u00e9 des Plantes, UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Abidjan 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guy R.","family":"Eboulem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4236-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Otron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Innovation pour la Sant\u00e9 des Plantes, UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Abidjan 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u00efmouna M.","family":"Kon\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Innovation pour la Sant\u00e9 des Plantes, UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Abidjan 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3064-6285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Steven S.","family":"Seka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Innovation pour la Sant\u00e9 des Plantes, UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Abidjan 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard A. K.","family":"Aka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Innovation pour la Sant\u00e9 des Plantes, UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Abidjan 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7691-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merveille Koissi","family":"Savi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyrielle","family":"Ndougonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7798-7315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazaire K.","family":"Kouassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Innovation pour la Sant\u00e9 des Plantes, UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Abidjan 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (W.A.V.E.) for Food Security Program, P\u00f4le Scientifique et D\u2019innovation, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Bingerville 22 BP 582, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.3390\/su2113572","article-title":"Cassava: The Drought, War and Famine Crop in a Changing World","volume":"2","author":"Burns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, L.R.S., Felisardo, R.J.A., Cruz, I.A., Bilal, M., Iqbal, H.M.N., Mulla, S.I., Bharagava, R.N., de Souza, R.L., Azevedo, L.C.B., and Ferreira, L.F.R. 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