{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T12:08:58Z","timestamp":1782821338612,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Ministry of Defense\u2014Defense Innovation Agency and Aix-Marseille University"},{"name":"French Research Institute for Developement (IRD) Chair \u201cAntiviral strategy for emergence in the South\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) are designated by the World Health Organization as priority pathogens due to their epidemic potential, zoonotic transmission, and the absence of licensed therapeutics or vaccines. The development of effective antivirals critically relies on robust in vitro and in vivo models; however, progress is limited by the requirement for high-containment facilities. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the experimental models currently available for RVFV and CCHFV, ranging from cell-based assays to animal models, and discuss their respective advantages, limitations, and translational relevance. We further highlight strategies allowing for BSL-2 experimentations, thereby expanding research accessibility, and accelerating the development of countermeasures against these high-priority pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18030386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:50:36Z","timestamp":1773921036000},"page":"386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Vitro and In Vivo Models for Drug Development Against Two Hemorrhagic Hareavirales: Rift Valley Fever and Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4283-0040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Chaput","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE): Aix-Marseille Univ, Universit\u00e0 di Corsica, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IRBA, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Nougair\u00e8de","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE): Aix-Marseille Univ, Universit\u00e0 di Corsica, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IRBA, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4734-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franck","family":"Touret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE): Aix-Marseille Univ, Universit\u00e0 di Corsica, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IRBA, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). 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