{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T14:03:32Z","timestamp":1774361012627,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["GNT2044048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2044048"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["GNT2004670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2004670"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is endemic to numerous regions worldwide, including Central Australia. The Australo-Melanesian subtype-C is endemic within Australia and Oceania, whereas subtype-A is the most widely distributed subtype globally. The lack of an approved vaccine highlights HTLV-1 as a neglected public health issue. To inform the development of HTLV-1 Envelope (Env)-based vaccines, we assessed anti-Env antibodies in an HTLV-1c+ cohort of First Nations individuals in Central Australia. Of the 62 plasma samples from patients with confirmed HTLV-1 serological diagnosis, 76% were positive for Env binding in ELISA, but 90% neutralized HTLV-1c pseudovirus (PSV) infection. Neutralization breadth with the capability of blocking both subtype-A and subtype-C PSV infection was identified in 100% of samples tested. Proviral load was positively associated with anti-Env response, with binding epitopes mapping to the proline-rich region of gp46-SU. Env-directed IgG showed the capacity to engage Fc\u03b3 receptors key to inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity\/phagocytosis responses. Serological response was not associated with comorbidities linked to HTLV-1c in this population (bronchiectasis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes). These findings demonstrate that potent humoral immunity arises and is sustained during HTLV-1 infection, suggesting that an Env-based vaccine displaying authentically native epitopes will be capable of recapitulating these neutralizing responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18040402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:58:59Z","timestamp":1774357139000},"page":"402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Common Acquisition of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies in an HTLV-1c+ First Nations Cohort from Central Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5803-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Grimley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7149-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Monard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biologie, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, 69342 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8845-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Hirons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley H. Y.","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Yurick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"UCB Pharma, Smyrna, GA 30080, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula C.","family":"Ellenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2517-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lloyd J.","family":"Einsiedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, NT 0870, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4485-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian F. J.","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gessain, A., and Cassar, O. (2012). Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of HTLV-1 infection. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Einsiedel, L., Woodman, R.J., Flynn, M., Wilson, K., Cassar, O., and Gessain, A. (2016). Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 infection in an Indigenous Australian population: Epidemiological insights from a hospital-based cohort study. 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